Self-Regulation and Feedback in an Educational Statistics Course
Main Article Content
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of feedback timing and quality on student self-regulatory behavior. Using a non-equivalent control-group design, students were assigned to either an immediate-detailed or delayed-grade-only feedback condition within the online statistics homework program, Aplia. The groups were then compared on levels of self-regulation and ratings of perceived homework effectiveness. Results indicate no significant differences between groups. Implications and the need for updated and more context specific measurements are discussed.
Keywords: online homework; self-regulation; Aplia; graduate student; statistics courseDownloads
Article Details
- Authors retain copyright and grant the Journal of Teaching and Learning with Technology (JoTLT) right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License, (CC-BY) 4.0 International, allowing others to share the work with proper acknowledgement and citation of the work's authorship and initial publication in JoTLT.
- Authors are able to enter separate, additional contractual agreements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in JoTLT.
- In pursuit of manuscripts of the highest quality, multiple opportunities for mentoring, and greater reach and citation of JoTLT publications, JoTLT encourages authors to share their drafts to seek feedback from relevant communities unless the manuscript is already under review or in the publication queue after being accepted. In other words, to be eligible for publication in JoTLT, manuscripts should not be shared publicly (e.g., online), while under review (after being initially submitted, or after being revised and resubmitted for reconsideration), or upon notice of acceptance and before publication. Once published, authors are strongly encouraged to share the published version widely, with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in JoTLT.
References
Airasian, P. W. (1997). Classroom assessment (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Aleven, V., Roll, I., McLaren, B. M., & Koedinger, K. R. (2010). Automated, unobtrusive, actionby-action assessment of self-regulation during learning with an intelligent tutoring system. Educational Psychologist, 45(4), 224–233.
Ambrose, S. A., Bridges, M. W., DiPietro, M., Lovett, M. C., & Norman, M. K. (2010). How learning works: Seven research-based principles for smart teaching. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons.
Aplia, Cengage (2002). http://www.aplia.com/company/press/062907_statistics.jsp
Artino Jr., A. R. (2008). Promoting academic motivation and self-regulation: Practical guidelines for online instructors. Techtrends: Linking Research & Practice to Improve Learning, 52(3), 3745. doi:10.1007/s11528-008-0153-x
Artino, A. R., & Stephens, J. M. (2009). Academic motivation and self-regulation: A comparative analysis of undergraduate and graduate students learning online. The Internet & Higher Education, 12(3/4), 146-151. doi: 10.1016/j.iheduc.2009.02.001
Azevedo, R. (2009). Theoretical, methodological, and analytical challenges in the research on metacognition and self-regulation: A commentary. Metacognition & Learning, 4, 87-95.
Balapumi, R. & Aitken, A. (2012). Concepts and factors influencing independent learning in IS higher education. 23rd Australasian Conference on Information Systems, Geelong.
Balzer, W. K., Doherty, M. E., & O'Connor, R. (1989). Effects of cognitive feedback on performance. Psychological Bulletin, 106(3), 410-433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/00332909.106.3.410
Bangert-Drowns, R. L., Kulik, C. L., Kulik, J. A., & Morgan, M. T. (1991). The instructional effect of feedback in test-like events. Review of Educational Research, 61, 213–237.
Bandura, A. (1991). Social cognitive theory of self-regulation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 248-287.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W.H. Freeman.
Biswas, G., Leelawong, K., Schwartz, D., Vye, N., & The Teachable Agents Group at Vanderbilt (2005). Learning by teaching: A new agent paradigm for educational software. Applied Artificial Intelligence, 19(3-4), 363-392.
Bond, L., Smith, R., Baker, W. K., & Hattie, J. A. (2000). Certification system of the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards: A construct and consequential validity study. Washington, DC: National Board for Professional Teaching Standards.
Boud, D. (2000). Sustainable assessment: rethinking assessment for the learning society. Studies in Continuing Education, 22(2), 151-67.
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1990). Origins and functions of positive and negative affect: a control-process view. Psychological review, 97(1), 19-35.
Cleary, T., & Zimmerman, B. (2001). Self-regulation differences during athletic practice by experts, non-experts, and novices. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13(2), 185-206.
Clariana, R. B., Wagner, D., & Roher Murphy, L. C. (2000). Applying a connectionist description of feedback timing. Educational Technology Research and Development, 48(3), 5–21.
Dunn, K.E., Lo, W., Mulvenon, S.W., & Sutcliffe, R. (2012). Revisiting the motivated strategies for learning questionnaire: A theoretical and statistical reevaluation of the metacognitive selfregulation and effort regulation subscales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 72 (2), http://epm.sagepub.com/content/72/2/312
Dunn, K. E., Rakes, G. C., & Rakes, T. A. (2014). Influence of academic self-regulation, critical thinking, and age on online graduate students’ academic help-seeking. Distance Education, 35(1), 75-89. doi:10.1080/01587919.2014.891426
Freeman, R. & Lewis, R. (1998). Planning and implementing assessment. London: Kogan Page.
Gibbs, G., & Simpson, C. (2004). Conditions under which assessment supports students' learning. Learning and Teaching in Higher Education, 1, 3-31.
Gibbs, G., & Dunbar-Goddet, H. (2007). The effects of programme assessment environments on student learning. Higher Education Academy, Retrieved from https://www.heacademy.ac.uk/sites/default/files/gibbs_0506.pdf
Greene, J. A., & Azevedo, R. (2010). The measurement of learners' self-regulated cognitive and metacognitive processes while using computer-based learning environments. Educational Psychologist, 45(4), 203-209. doi:10.1080/00461520.2010.515935
Greene, J. A., Moos, D. C., Azevedo, R., & Winters, F. I. (2008). Exploring differences between gifted and grade-level students' use of self-regulatory learning processes with hypermedia. Computers & Education, 50(3), 1069-1083.
Hattie, J., & Gan, M. (2011). Instruction based on feedback. In P. Alexander & R. E. Mayer (Eds.), Handbook of research on learning and instruction (pp. 249–271). New York, NY: Routledge.
Hattie, J. & Timperley, H. (2007). The power of feedback. Review of Educational Research, 77 (1), 81-112.
Hounsell, D. (2004). Reinventing feedback for the contemporary Scottish university. Paper presented at Quality Enhancement Conference on Assessment, University of Glasgow. Glasgow, Scotland.
Kirmizi, O. (2013). Investigating self-regulated learning habits of distance education students. Journal of History, Culture & Art Research / Tarih Kültür Ve Sanat Arastirmalari Dergisi, 2(2), 161-174. doi:10.7596/taksad. v2i2.246
Lemley, D., Sudweeks, R., Howell, S., Laws, R.D., & Sawyer, O. (2007). The effects of immediate and delayed feedback on secondary distance learners. The Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 8(3), 251-260.
Matuga, J. M. (2009). Self-regulation, goal orientation, and academic achievement of secondary students in online university courses. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 12(3), 4-11.
Meyers, L.S., Gamst, G., & Guarino, A. (2013). Applied multivariate research: Design and interpretation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishers.
Nicol, D.J., & MacFarlane-Dick,D. (2006). Formative assessment and self-regulated learning: A model and seven principles of good feedback practice. Studies in Higher Education, 31(2), 199218.
Nicol, D. J., & Milligan, C. (2006). Rethinking technology-supported assessment in terms of the seven principles of good feedback practice. In C. Bryan and K. Clegg (Eds), Innovative Assessment in Higher Education (pp.64-77). Taylor and Francis Group Ltd, London.
Perry, N. E., & Winne, P. H. (2006). Learning from learning kits: Study traces of students' selfregulated engagements with computerized content. Educational Psychology Review, 18(3), 211228.
Pintrich, P. R. (1995). Understanding self-regulated learning. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Pintrich, P. R. (2004). A conceptual framework for assessing motivation and self-regulated learning in college students. Educational Psychology Review, 16(4), 385-407.
Pintrich, P. R., & DeGroot, E. V. (1990). Motivational and self-regulated learning components of classroom academic performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 33-40.
Pintrich, P. R., Smith, D. A. F., García, T., & McKeachie, W. J. (1993). Reliability and predictive validity of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ). Educational and Psychological Measurement, 53, 810-813.
Ramsden, P. (1991). A performance indicator of teaching quality in higher education: The course experience questionnaire. Studies in Higher Education, 16(2), 129-151.
Sadler, R. (1989). Formative assessment and the design of instructional systems. Instructional Science, 18, 119–144.
Shute, V.J. (2008). Focus on formative feedback. Review of Educational Research, 78(1), 153189.
Stobart, G. (2008). Testing times: The uses and abuses of assessment. Abingdon, England: Routledge.
Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th Edition). Boston MA: Pearson Education, Inc.
Thomas, R., & Milligan, C. (2004). Putting teachers in the loop: Tools for creating and customizing simulations. Journal of Interactive Media in Education, (2). Retrieved from http://jime.open.ac.uk/articles/10.5334/2004-15/
Timmers, C. F., & Veldkamp, B. P. (2011). Attention paid to feedback provided by a computerbased assessment for learning on information literacy. Computers & Education, 56, 923–930. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2010.11.007
Van der Kleij, F.M., Eggen, T.J., Timmers, C.F., & Veldkamp, B.P. (2012). Effects of feedback in a computer-based assessment for learning. Computers & Education, 58, (263-272).
Van der Kleij, F. M., Feskens, R.C.W., & Eggen, T. J. H. M. (2015). Effects of feedback in a computer-based learning environment on students’ learning outcomes: A meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 85, 475-511.
Wiggins, G. (2001). Educative assessment. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Winne, P. H., & Nesbit, J. C. (2009). Supporting self-regulated learning with cognitive tools. In D. J. Hacker, J. Dunlosky, A. C. Graesser (Eds.). Handbook of metacognition in education (p. 259). New York, NY: Routledge.
Workman, M. (2004). Performance and perceived effectiveness in computer-based and computeraided education: Do cognitive styles make a difference?. Computers in Human Behavior, 20, 517534.
Yap, E. G. (1993). A structure model of self-regulated learning in math achievement (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
Yorke, M. (2003). Formative assessment in higher education: Moves towards theory and the enhancement of pedagogic practice. Higher Education, 45(4), 477-501.
Zimmerman, B.J. (2000). Attainment of self-regulation: A social cognitive perspective. In M. Boekaerts, P.R. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 13-39). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Zimmerman, B. J. (2002). Becoming a self-regulated learner: An overview. Theory Into Practice, 41(2), 64-70.
Zimmerman, B. J., & Bandura, A. (1994). Impact of self-regulatory influences on writing course attainment. American Educational Journal, 31, 845-862.
Zimmerman, B. J., & Campillo, M. (2003). Motivating self-regulated problem solvers. In J.E. Davidson, & R. J. Sternberg, R. J. (Eds.), The Psychology of Problem Solving (pp. 233-262). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Zimmerman, B. J., & Schunk, D. H. (Eds.) (2011). Handbook of self-regulation of learning and performance. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis.