Our Nelson Island Stories is a collection of stories from the Bering Sea Coast area in a bilingual edition (English and Yup’ik). The narratives guide the reader through the landscape and its place names. It is the result of work with community members, supported by several research centers and associations. The editor Ann Fienup-Riordan is the author and editor of books and articles about the Yup’ik and the Nelson Island area, several in collaboration with the actual translator Alice Rearden.
Voices in a Cultural Landscape
The “true authors” (xi) of the volume are mentioned in the very first lines of the book: the Nelson Islanders who share their stories. A list of the storytellers with names, place of residence and birth, and year of birth as well as some fieldwork pictures give us information about these “authors.” A first section entitled “The People of Nelson Island” provides the reader with facts about the Bering Sea Coast and the people that inhabit the area. This introductory chapter includes background information on the social structure of the community, their modes of livelihood, and their relation to outside influences.
This section gives the reader a good understanding of the context in which the elders who shared the stories grew up. The information provided is highly relevant to readers who are not acquainted with the area and the Yup’ik community. Reading about the people’s pragmatic relation to the land, their recent history, and the changes that have affected the community over the last sixty years also provides a frame for understanding the role of the stories in the community.
In the same section, the editor gives necessary information about the project and how it was conducted through community collaboration with five villages. The stories were collected at topic-specific gatherings about environmental change and cultural history. She underscores the meaning of stories and storytelling for the Yup’ik community. Narration is a means for remembering and for guiding listeners toward a better life. History, personal relations, and cultural values are enacted in the stories.
The introductory section also contains information about the Yup’ik language. The stories are translated into English and published along with the original version in Central Yup’ik, one of the four Yupik Eskimo languages. After some general information about orthography and pronunciation, the editor and the translator give some background information about the translation, striving for a “natural sounding” and not a literal or paraphrasing translation. This information lets us know about the process behind the English part of the book. It is helpful and necessary in order to identify the different voices, i.e., the tellers, the translators, and the editor. For the same reason, the choice to keep certain terms in the original language is a pertinent one.
Color photos of the environment, from recent and historical times as well as maps are included in the volume. Group pictures feature the storytellers and give us a feeling for the situations in which the recordings were made.
Storied Places
In the introductory section, the editor contextualizes some specific and sensitive topics in the stories, for instance, gaps in understandings of rights to the land based on practices since time immemorial compared to the non-native perception of land in terms of ownership. Place names are also connected to survival: we are told how they are necessary “to locate critical resources” (xxxvii) and “essential traveling tools” (xxxix). Thus, the volume illustrates the knowledge embedded in maps, such as knowledge about resources and the courses of waters. We are also told the meaning of the names: places are named after people, after the way they were used, or for things they resemble. The volume’s editors and the storytellers share a common goal in the documentation of Yup’ik narration: to spread knowledge in hope of “gaining respect for Yup’ik ways” (xlv).
The core of the book consists of stories held together by the landscape and the people that inhabit it. The narratives are presented in sections according to geographical areas: Nelson Island, Nightmute and Toksook Bay, the Ocean, Qalvinraaq River and its Tributaries, Chefornak, and Newtok and Tununak. Within each section, the stories are sorted according to specific places. The narratives are pieces of the collective storytelling tradition that underscore continuity and pass on knowledge about the places, their origin, and the history associated with them. The stories tell us about the values of the community, as for instance regarding subsistence, resources, and people’s relation to the land and the sea. The storytellers also tell first-person narratives and narratives about their ancestors. Topics that are brought up are often related to hunting and fishing practices, but are also about significant people for the community, such as shamans. These narratives give us some historical background as well, for instance about the school system or relations to other people (such as wars over fishing sites). Through the stories, we get insights into Yup’ik traditional knowledge about weather conditions, seal hunting, navigation, and food.
In addition to the book, there is a place-based website (http://mapserver.eol.ucar.edu/best/) where the user can browse and search for stories connected to specific places on a map. Although the website is hard to navigate, it is a great initiative and example of how to complement the printed medium with additional data.
Indigenous Perspectives
This book connects to relevant research on the topic of places in anthropology, such as Basso (1996), Cruikshank (1990), and Ingold (2000). But the main goal of the volume seems to be to give a broader audience access to indigenous knowledge and perspectives. Our Nelson Island Stories successfully achieves this goal.
My lack of knowledge of the Yup’ik language does not allow me to comment on the part of the book in the original language, but the bilingual framing contributes to focusing on the source of the stories rather than on the role of the scholars who published them. As for the transcription, we are given little nonverbal information alongside the stories. Supplementary extra-textual information would probably have contributed to enhancing the oral character of the stories as they were documented.
The reader will certainly appreciate the way the stories are presented: the volume lets the voices of storytellers come through, reinforced by the original text in Yup’ik. The choice to present contextual information in a separate introductory section allows the focus of the volume to remain on the voices of the storytellers. At the same time, the valuable contextual information given in the introduction makes Our Nelson Island Stories more than a collection of beautiful stories. The volume can be a contribution to further research for scholars within a broad range of disciplines, on such topics as traditional knowledge, oral history, toponymy, and human geography. Moreover, many readers interested in the cultural landscape of the area and in storytelling will find in Our Nelson Island Stories relevant and pleasant reading.
Works Cited
Basso, Keith. 1996. Wisdom Sits in Places: Landscape and Language among the Western Apache. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
Cruikshank, Julie. 1990. “Getting the Words Right: Perspectives on Naming and Places in Athapaskan Oral History,” Arctic Anthropology 27: 52-65.
Ingold, Tim. 2000. The Perception of the Environment: Essays in Livelihood, Dwelling and Skill. New York: Routledge.
--------
[Review length: 1197 words • Review posted on March 5, 2012]