Learning, Beliefs, and Products: Students' Perspectives with Project-based Learning

Main Article Content

Michael M. Grant

Abstract

Project-based learning offers promise as an instructional method that
affords authentic learning tasks grounded in the personal interests of learners. While
previous research has presented results of learning gains, motivations, and teacher
experiences, limited empirical research has presented student perspectives in project-based
learning. This research sought to explore how learners created projects. A qualitative case
study design was employed with five purposively selected participants from eighth grade
geography at a private day school. From interviews, observations, and document collection,
five themes emerged from what influenced participants’ projects and what the participants
learned: (1) internal influences, (2) external influences, (3) beliefs about projects, (4)
tools for technology-rich environments, and (5) learning outcomes and products. The first four
themes describe influences to shape the fifth theme, learning products. The term learning
products was used to describe both the learning acquired by the participants and the learning
artifacts the participants produced as part of the instructional unit. Implications for
practice and future research are considered.

Article Details

Section
Research Articles

References

Adderley, K., Askurin, C., Bradbury, P., Freeman J., Goodlad, S., Greene, J., Jenkins, D., Rae, J., & Uren, O. (1975). Project methods in higher education. Working party on teaching methods: Techniques group. London: Society for Research into Higher Education.

Applefield, J. M., Huber, R. L., & Moallem, M. (2000). Constructivism in theory and practice: Toward a better understanding. High School Journal, 84(2), 35-53.

Arter, J., & Spandel, V. (1992). NCME instructional model: Using portfolios of student work in instruction and assessment. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 11(1), 36-44.

Barab, S.A., Hay, K. E., Squire, K., Barnett, M., Schmidt, F., Karragan, K., Yamagata-Lynch, L. & Johnson, C. (2000). Virtual solar system project: Learning through a technology-rich, inquiry-based, participatory learning environment. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 9(1), 7-24.

Barak, M. (2005). From order to disorder: The role of computer-based electronics projects on fostering of higher-order cognitive skills. Computers & Education, 45(2), 231.

Barrows, H. S., & Tamblyn, R. M. (1980). Problem-based learning: An approach to medical educa- tion. New York: Springer.

Beckett, G.H. (2005). Academic language and literacy socialization through project-based instruction: ESL student perspectives and issues. Journal of Asian Pacific Communication, 15(1), 191-206

Bickford, A., Tharp, S., McFarling, P., & Beglau, M. (2002). Finding the right fuel for new engines of learning. Multimedia Schools, 9(5), 18-26.

Blumenfeld, P. C., Krajcik, J. S., Marx, R. W., & Soloway, E. (1994). Lessons learned: A collaborative model for helping teachers learn project-based instruction. Elementary School Journal, 94, 539-551.

Blumenfeld, P. C., Soloway, E., Marx, R. W., Krajcik, J. S., Guzdial, M., & Palinscar, A. (1991). Motivating project-based learning: Sustaining the doing, supporting the learning. Educational Psychologist, 26(3 & 4), 369-398.

Brown, J. S., Collins, A., & Duguid, P. (1989). Situated cognition and the culture of learning. Educational Researcher, 19(1), 32-42.

Brush, T., & Saye, J. (2000). Implementation and evaluation of a student-centered learning unit: A case study. Educational Technology Research & Development, 48(3), 79-100.

Clark, A. (2006). Changing classroom practice to include the project approach. Early Childhood Research & Practice, 8(2). Retrieved March 22, 2009 from http://ecrp.uiuc.edu/v8n2/clark. html

Cognition and Technology Group at Vanderbilt. (1997). The Jasper Project: Lessons in curriculum, instruction, assessment, and professional development. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Cresswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

De Graaf, E. & Kolmos, A. (2003). Characteristics of problem-based learning. International Journal of Engineering Education, 19(5), 657-662.

Dembo, M. H., & Eaton, M. J. (2000). Self-regulation of academic learning in middle-level schools. Elementary School Journal, 100(5), 473-491.

Dewey, J. (1938). Experience and Education. New York: Macmillan.

Dodge, B. (1995, 1997). Some thoughts about WebQuests. Retrieved August 7, 2001, from

http://edweb.sdsu.edu/courses/edtect596/about_webquests.html

Dodge, B. (1998, June 22-24). WebQuests: A strategy for scoffolding higher level learning. Paper

presented at the National Educational Computing Conference, San Diego, CA.

Elliott, J., Hufton, N., & Hildreth, A. (1999). Factors influencing educational motivation: A study of attitudes, expectations and behaviors of children in Sunderland, Kentucky and St. Petersburg. British Educational Research Journal, 25(1), 75-94.

Erickson, J., & Lehrer, R. (2000). What’s in a link? Student conceptions of the rhetoric of as- sociation in hypermedia composition. In S. P. Lajoie (Ed.), Computers as cognitive tools, volume two: No more walls (pp. 197-226). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Ertmer, P. A., & Simons, K. D. (2006). Jumping the PBL implementation hurdle: Supporting the efforts of K-12 teachers. The Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-based Learning, 1(1), 40-54.

Fell, R.F. (1999). Adult learning and action learning—a real workplace learning approach. Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 6(2), 73-82.

Gick, M. L., & Holyoak, K. J. (1983). Schema induction and analogical transfer. Cognitive Psy- chology, 15, 1-38.

Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. New York: Aldine.

Grant, M. M. (2002). Getting a grip on project-based learning: Theory, cases and recommendations. Meridian: A Middle School Computer Technologies Journal, 5(Winter).

Grant, M. M., & Branch, R. M. (2005). Project-based learning in a middle school: Tracing abilities through the artifacts of learning. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 38(1), 65-98.

Grant, M. M., & Hill, J. R. (2006). Weighing the risks with the rewards: Implementing student-centered pedagogy within high-stakes testing. In R. Lambert & C. McCarthy (Eds.), Understanding teacher stress in an age of accountability (pp. 19-42). Greenwich, CT: Information Age Press.

Hannafin, M., Hall, C., Land, S., & Hill, J. (1994). Learning in an open-ended learning environ- ment: Assumptions, methods and implications. Educational Technology, 34(8), 48-55.

Hannafin, M., Land, S., & Oliver, K. (1999). Open learning environments: Foundations, methods, and models. In C. Reigeluth (Ed.), Instructional design theories and models, Volume II (pp. 115-140). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Harel, I., & Papert, S. (Eds.). (1991). Constructionism. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

Harris, J. H., & Katz, L. G. (2001). Young investigators: The project approach in the early years. New York.

Helle, L., Tynjala, P., & Olkinuora, E. (2006). Project-based learning in post-secondary education—theory, practice and rubber sling shots. Higher Education, 51, 287-314.

Hill, J. R., & Hannafin, M. J. (2001). Teaching and learning in digital environments: The resur- gance of resource-based learning. Educational Technology, Research & Development, 49(3), 37-52.

Hug, B., Krajcik, J. S., & Marx, R. W. (2005). Using innovative learning technologies to promote learning and engagement in an urban science classroom. Urban Education, 40(4), 446.

Hunaiti, Z., Grimaldi, S., Goven, D., Mootanah, R., & Martin, L. (2010). Principles of assessment for project and research based learning. The International Journal of Educational Management, 24(3), 189-203.

Jonassen, D. H., Mayes, J. T., & McAleese, R. (1993). A manifesto for a constructivist approach to technology in higher education. In T. Duffy, J. Lowyck & D. Jonassen (Eds.), Designing environments for constructive learning (pp. 231- 248). Heidelberg, FRG: Springer-Verlag.

Jonassen, D. H., & Reeves, T. C. (1996). Learning with technology: Using computers as cognitive tools. In D. H. Jonassen (Ed.), Handbook of research for educational communications and technology (pp. 693-719). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster Macmillan.

Kafai, Y., & Resnick, M. (Eds.). (1996). Constructionism in practice: Designing, thinking and learning in a digital world. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Land, S. M., & Greene, B. A. (2000). Project-based learning with the world wide web: A qualitative study of resource integration. Educational Technology Research & Development, 48(1), 45-67.

Land, S. M., & Hannafin, M. J. (2000). Student-centered learning environments. In D. H. Jonassen & S. M. Land (Eds.), Theoretical foundations of learning environments (pp. 1-24). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Lave, J. (1988). Cognition in practice: Mind, mathematics, and culture in everyday life. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Lave, J. (1990). The culture of acquisition and the practice of learning. In J. W. Stigler, R. A. Shweder & G. Herdt (Eds.), Cultural psychology: Essays on comparative human development (pp. 259-286). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univeristy Press.

Levstik, L. S., & Barton, K. C. (2001). Doing history. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Lou, Y., & MacGregor, S. K. (2004). Enhancing project-based learning through online between-group collaboration. Educational Research and Evaluation, 10(4-6), 419-440.

Marx, R. W., Blumenfeld, P. C., Krajcik, J. S., & Soloway, E. (1997). Enacting project-based science. The Elementary School Journal, 97(4), 341-358.

McHale, T. (2006). One-to-one in Michigan. Technology & Learning, 27(3), 16-18. Meichenbaum, D., & Biemiller, A. (1998). Nurturing independent learners: Helping students take charge of their learning. Cambridge, MA: Brookline Books.

Merriam, S. B. (1998). Qualitative research and case study applications in education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Meyer, D. K., Turner, J. C., & Spencer, C. A. (1997). Challenges in a mathematics classroom: Students’ motivation and strategies in project-based learning. The Elementary School Journal, 97(5), 501-521.

Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: A sourcebook of new methods (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Mills, J.E. & Treagust, D.F. (2003-2004). Engineering education—Is problem-based or project- based learning the answer? Australasian Journal of Engineering Education. Retrieved March 22, 2009 from http://www.aaee.com.au/journal/2003/mills_treagust03.pdf

Mitchell, S., Foulger, T.S., Wetzel, K., & Rathkey, C. (2009). The negotiated project approach: Project-based learning without leaving the standards behind. Early Childhood Education Journal, 36, 339-346.

Moursund, D. (1998). Project-based learning in an information-technology environment. Learning and Leading with Technology, 25(8), 4.

National Council for Social Studies. (1994). Curriculum standards for social studies: II. Thematic strands. Retrieved November 16, 2006, from http://www.socialstudies.org/standards/strands/

Ogle, D. M. (1986). K-W-L: A teaching model that develops active reading of expository text. Reading Teacher, 9(6), 564-570.

Parsons, J. (1998). Portfolios in education. Adult Learning, 9(4), 28-31.

Polman, J. L. (2004). Dialogic activity structures for project-based learning environments. Cognition & Instruction, 22(4), 431-466.

Prince, M.J. & Felder, R.M. (2006). Inductive teaching and learning models: Definitions, comparisons and research bases. Journal of Engineering Education, 95(2), 123-138.

Rieber, L.P. (2004). Microworlds. In D.H. Jonassen (Ed.) Handbook of research on educational communications and technology (4th ed.) (pp. 583-603). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Savery, J. R. (2006). Overview of problem-based learning: Definitions and distinctions. The Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-based Learning, 1(1), 9-20.

Scardamalia, M., Bereiter, C., McLean, R. S., Swallow, J., & Woodruff, E. (1989). Computer-supported intentional learning environments. Journal of Educational Computing, 5(1), 51-68.

Speck, B. W. (1998b). The teacher’s role in the pluralistic classroom. Perspectives, 28(1), 19-44. Stephens, K. R. (1996). Product development for gifted students. Gifted Child Today Magazine, 19, 18-21.

Tassinari, M. (1996). Hands-on projects take students beyond the book. Social Studies Review, 34(3), 16-20.

Taylor, R. (1980). The computer in the school: Tutor, tool, tutee. New York: Teachers College. Turner, J., & Paris, S. G. (1995). How literacy tasks influence children’s motivation for literacy. The Reading Teacher, 48(8), 662-673.

Turner, J. C., Meyer, D. K., Midgley, C., & Patrick, H. (2003). Teacher discourse and sixth graders’ reported affect and achievement behaviors in two high-matery/high-performance mathematics classrooms. The Elementary School Journal, 103(4), 357-382.

Veermans, M., Lallimo, J., & Hakkarainen, K. (2005). Patterns of guidance in inquiry learning. Journal of Interactive Learning Research, 16(2), 179(116).

Vygotsky, L. S. (1962). Thought and language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Wang, Q. (2009). Design and evaluation of a collaborative learning environment. Computers & Education, 53(4), 1138–1146.

William van Rooij, S. (2009). Scaffolding project-based learning with the project-management body of knowledge (PMBOK®). Computers & Education, 52, 210-219.

Worthy, J. (2000). Conducting research on topics of student interest. Reading Teacher, 54(3), 298-299.

Yin, R.K. (2003). Case study research: Design and methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.