The Typologies of Global Islamophobia and its Manifestations Across the Global North and South

Abstract

The “War on Terror” ushered in a new era of anti-Muslim bias and racism globally. Anti-Muslim racism is influenced by local economies, power structures, and histories. However, the War on Terror, with a homogenized Muslim “Other” framed as a perpetual enemy, has contributed to a global Islamophobic narrative. This paper examines the connections between interpersonal and institutional forms of anti-Muslim racism that have contributed to the growth and emboldening of nativist and populist protest movements globally. By examining different national contexts across the Global North and South, this article demonstrates how Islamophobia has become a global phenomenon. The purpose of this article is to map out categories or typologies of Islamophobia. These are the localized histories, politics, conflicts, and present-day geopolitical realities in the context of the War on Terror, which have influenced and textured the ways that Islamophobia has manifested across the Global North and South.