Sulfide-responsive transcriptional repressor SqrR functions as a master regulator of sulfide-dependent photosynthesis

Abstract

Sulfide was used as an electron donor early in the evolution of photosynthesis, with many extant photosynthetic bacteria still capable of using sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide (H$_2$S) as a photosynthetic electron donor. Although enzymes involved in H$_2$S oxidation have been characterized, mechanisms of regulation of sulfide-dependent photosynthesis have not been elucidated. In this study, we have identified a sulfide-responsive transcriptional repressor, SqrR, that functions as a master regulator of sulfide-dependent gene expression in the purple photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus. SqrR has three cysteine residues, two of which, C41 and C107, are conserved in SqrR homologs from other bacteria. Analysis with liquid chromatography coupled with an electrospray-interface tandem-mass spectrometer reveals that SqrR forms an intramolecular tetrasulfide bond between C41 and C107 when incubated with the sulfur donor glutathione persulfide. SqrR is oxidized in sulfide-stressed cells, and tetrasulfide–cross-linked SqrR binds more weakly to a target promoter relative to unmodified SqrR. C41S and C107S R. capsulatus SqrRs lack the ability to respond to sulfide, and constitutively repress target gene expression in cells. These results establish that SqrR is a sensor of H$_2$S-derived reactive sulfur species that maintain sulfide homeostasis in this photosynthetic bacterium and reveal the mechanism of sulfide-dependent transcriptional derepression of genes involved in sulfide metabolism.