Stable silicon isotopes of groundwater, feldspars, and clay coatings in the Navajo Sandstone aquifer, Black Mesa, Arizona, USA

Abstract

groundwater samples were from the Navajo Sandstone aquifer at Black Mesa, Arizona, USA, and the Si isotope composition of detrital feldspars and secondary clay coatings in the aquifer were also analyzed. Silicon isotope compositions were measured using high-resolution multi-collector inductively coupled mass spectrometry (HR-MC-ICP-MS) (Nu1700 & NuPlasma HR). The quartz dominated bulk rock and feldspar separates have similar d30Si of 0.09 ± 0.04&and 0.15 ± 0.04&(±95% SEM), respectively, and clay separates are isotopically lighter by up to 0.4& compared to the feldspars. From isotopic massbalance considerations, co-existing aqueous fluids should have d30Si values heavier than the primary silicates. Positive d30Si values were only found in the shallow aquifer, where Si isotopes are most likely fractionated during the dissolution of feldspars and subsequent formation of clay minerals. However, d30Si decreases along the flow path from 0.56& to 1.42&, representing the most negative dissolved Si isotope composition so far found for natural waters. We speculate that the enrichment in 28Si is due to dissolution of partly secondary clay minerals and low-temperature silcretes in the Navajo Sandstone. The discovery of the large range and systematic shifts of d30Si values along a groundwater flow path illustrates the potential utility of stable Si isotopes for deciphering the Si cycling in sedimentary basins, tracing fluid flow, and evaluating global Si cycle.