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    Data Files: Bridging the Gap between Locking and ETS in Cascadia
    (2022-04-20) Johnson, Kaj
    Public data files generated for United States Geological Survey funded project G20AP00017 & G21AP10480 (National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program).
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    Supporting Information for "A Field Study on the Lithological Influence on the Interaction between Weathering and Abrasion Processes in Bedrock Rivers"
    (Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 2022) Larimer, Jeffrey; Yanites, Brian; Jung, S.J.
    This file contains figures, tables, and descriptions of methods, errors, and equations not included in the main text.
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    Data Files: Inferring fault rheology from observations and simulations of transient creep on the central San Andreas fault
    Johnson, Kaj
    Simulation results for USGS funded project (Award No.G20AP00067) titled "Inferring fault rheology from observations and simulations of transient creep on the central San Andreas fault".
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    Convection-permitting downscaling of climate change 1950-2100
    (2022) Lauer, Abraham; Kravitz, Ben
    We provide a dynamically downscaled and bias corrected dataset at 3 km horizontal resolution over the U.S. Midwest, covering the period 1951-2100 under historical and RCP8.5 conditions. Data is produced using a regional model (WRF 3.9), driven by NCEP/NCAR reanalysis 1 and CESM1 simulations designed for downscaling with WRF. Data provided includes temperature (T2) and precipitation (PRECIP). This is associated with Lauer et al. (2022), doi:XXXX.
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    Quantifying river avulsion activity from satellite remote sensing: Implications for how avulsions contribute to floodplain stratigraphy in foreland basins: Data and Scripts
    Valenza, Jeffery; Edmonds, Douglas; Weissmann, Gary
    Data files and script necessary to replicate results from Journal of Sedimentary Research article entitled "Quantifying river avulsion activity from satellite remote sensing: Implications for how avulsions contribute to floodplain stratigraphy in foreland basins" by Valenza, J., Edmonds D., and Weissmann, G. Files include instruction spreadsheet with additional variables, avulsion fingerprint files, avulsion and channel belt centerline trace point files, Matlab script, and "interparc" function.
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    On the Relationships Among Climate, Topography, and Discharge-Driven Fluvial Incision Using an Asynchronously Coupled Climate-Landscape Evolution Model
    (2021-09-22) Lynch, Brigid; Yanites, Brian; Shen, Hong; Poulsen, Chris
    One of the primary drivers of landscape evolution is climate-driven river incision. The amount, frequency, and distribution of water discharge and runoff within a channel governs river incision, and these characteristics will change based on climate regime and topography. It is essential to distinguish between discharge distributions in different climatic and topographic settings to understand how river incision shapes landscapes. In this study, we analyze discharge distributions generated using an asynchronously coupled landscape evolution and climate model and examine their effect on river incision across a range of latitudes from 0S to 40S, with and without a topographic barrier. We first characterize each discharge distribution by calculating values for mean discharge and discharge variability and then extrapolate these discharge distributions to larger flood values, which then drive incision in a 1D river model. We find landscape sensitivity to climate-topography feedbacks is climate-regime dependent, with the most extreme changes to discharge characteristics and channel morphology in drier climates (20S and 30S). Finally, our results indicate that mean discharge and runoff are the principal factors in changing river concavity and relief for a given latitude or mountain height. Discharge variability becomes important for driving fluvial incision, only when mean discharge between two settings is similar, but discharge variabilities are different. We demonstrate the utility of using a coupled climate-landscape model to characterize discharge distributions across climate regimes and in response to topographic growth and determine the most important climatic variables for driving landscape evolution.
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    Topographic roughness on forest floors: A theoretical approach for quantifying hillslope sediment flux from tree throw
    (2021) Doane, Tyler
    This is a collection of python scripts that extract data and data files that accompany a manuscript: Doane, Tyler H., Edmonds, Douglas A., Yanites, Brian J., and Quinn Lewis, (2021) 'Topographic roughness on forest floors: A theoretical approach for quantifying hillslope sediment flux from tree throw', Geophysical Research Letters. One Python script (hVarExample.py) is a code that allows for a user to calculate and extract topographic roughness from a digital elevation model (DEM). Another is a script (selectTile.py) that allows for a user to select specific pit-mound couplets and extract estimates of geometric parameters . A third script (selectTile2.py) allows for the user to toggle through selected couplets and examine the fit between an idealized couplet geometry and a natural one. Python data files (.npy) are dictionary files that contain tabular information for hillslope variance, slope, slope aspect, and size (CollectVarBrown2.npy). Another .npy file contains information on the parameters extracted from high resolution topography (rayParams.npy). A third contains the actual tiles selected that contain pit-mound couplets (rayCouplets.npy) Last, a shapefile (BrownCountyHSlopes and all extensions) is a vector or points that contains information about hillslope topographic variance, slope, slope aspect, and area.
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    Supplementary materials for "Ba attachment and detachment fluxes to and from barite surfaces in variable [Ba$^{2+}$]/[SO$_{4}$$^{2-}$] solutions near solubility equilibrium"
    (2021-08) Kang, Jinting; Bracco, Jacquelyn; Rimstidt, J. Donald; Zhu, Gregory; Huang, Fang; Zhu, Chen
    We measured barium attachment and detachment fluxes from and to barite crystal surfaces in solutions with [Ba]/[SO$_{4}$] ratios from 0.06 to 52. The doping of $^{137}$Ba in starting experimental solutions allowed measurements of unidirectional fluxes near solubility equilibrium (Q/K  1.0) in batch reactors. Both attachment and detachment fluxes increase with [Ba]/[SO$_{4}$] ratios, with an “S” shape function with a plateau at [Ba]/[SO$_{4}$]>1.5 and a low plateau at [Ba]/[SO$_{4}$]<1. As expected, the attachment and detachment fluxes were found to be equal as the solutions were near solubility equilibrium (|SI| ≈0.0n).
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    Geodynamic influence on landscape evolution in the northern U.S. cordillera: cosmogenic erosion rates, incision models, and basalt flow ages show canyon incision to be mid- to late Miocene in age
    Mitchell, Nate
    Deep canyons along the Salmon and Clearwater Rivers in central Idaho (U.S.) suggest long-lasting transient incision, but the timing and drivers of this incision are not well understood. For example, it is currently unclear how this incision relates to the Yellowstone hotspot, flood basalts, or drainage reorganization events like the drainage of Lake Idaho. Unraveling the drivers of canyon incision here would provide insight into the geologic history of the northern U.S. cordillera. Here, we utilized the in-situ 10Be cosmogenic radionuclide concentrations for 46 samples (17 new) of fluvial sediment from streams across the region. We use these concentrations to quantify erosion rates, calibrate stream power models, and estimate incision timing. We estimate that transient incision along the Salmon River began prior to ~10 Ma, preceding the drainage of Lake Idaho. Canyon age seems to decrease to the north (further from the Yellowstone hotspot track), however. Further north, we estimate the incision of basalt tributaries began prior to ~6 Ma but the age of the basalt itself suggests local incision began after ~11.5 Ma. These age constraints roughly coincide with the passage of the Yellowstone plume through southern Idaho. We argue the Yellowstone plume has contributed to incision by causing lava damming, drainage reorganization, facilitating delamination, and/or driving lower crustal flow. We show that lithology has a significant influence on fluvial erosion (potentially through both erodibility and n), assumptions regarding model parameters like slope exponent n significantly influence results, and geodynamic processes can exert a significant influence on landscape evolution.
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    Supporting Information for "Flume Experiments on the Erosive Energy of Bed Load Impacts on Rough and Planar Beds"
    (Journal of Geophysical Research, 2021) Larimer, Jeffrey; Yager, Elowyn; Yanites, Brian; Witsil, Alex
    The supporting information includes description of some of the errors, derivations, analyses not included in the main text. We include a figure of the grain size and grain shape distributions of the sediment used in the experiments, a table of the erosion rates measured on 17 different rock types.
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    Particle Saltation Data for "Flume Experiments on the Erosive Energy of Bed Load Impacts on Rough and Planar Beds"
    (Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 2021) Larimer, Jeffrey; Yager, Elowyn; Yanites, Brian; Witsil, Alex
    Understanding bed load impact dynamics on exposed bedrock in rivers is crucial to quantifying the erosive energy of a stream. Observations of the bed load saltation trajectories and impact energies are lacking, particularly in channels with non-planar bed topography. In this study, we performed four flume experiments of saltating gravel to offer new insights on the dependence of particle impact dynamics on transport stage and bed topography. Our experiments used two different boundary shear stresses (τb= 36.5 and 25.4 Pa) and two different bed configurations, planar and non-planar (bedrock discs uniformly oriented at 10˚ from the bed surface). For each experiment, we indirectly estimated the impact energies from the trajectories of particles with high-speed video imaging and measured the erosion rates of rock samples embedded in the flume floor. The planar and non-planar beds had negative and constant relationships, respectively, between energy delivered to the bed and transport stage. The non-planar bed had a heavier tailed distribution of impact energy than the planar bed, which implies a greater number of rare highly erosive impacts. Probabilistic formulations of particle trajectories better predict the increase or decrease in erosion rate across experiments than deterministic regression equations. Our findings suggest that bedrock erosion models should consider a distribution of possible bed load impact energies, particularly for natural river channels that have rough surfaces.
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    Bedrock River Erosion through Dipping Layered Rocks: Quantifying Erodibility through Kinematic Wave Speed
    (2021-01) Mitchell, Nathaniel; Yanites, Brian
    Landscape morphology reflects drivers such as tectonics and climate but is also modulated by underlying rock properties. While geomorphologists may attempt to quantify the influence of rock strength through direct comparisons of landscape morphology and rock strength metrics, recent work has shown that the contact migration resulting from the presence of mixed lithologies may hinder such an approach. Indeed, this work counterintuitively suggests channel slopes within weaker units can sometimes be higher than channel slopes within stronger units. Here, we expand upon previous work with 1-D stream power numerical models in which we have created a system for quantifying contact migration over time. Although previous studies have developed theory for bedrock rivers incising through layered stratigraphy, we can now scrutinize this theory with contact migration rates measured in our models. Our results show that previously developed theory is generally robust and that contact migration rates reflect the pattern of kinematic wave speed across the profile. Furthermore, we have developed and tested a new approach for estimating kinematic wave speeds. This approach utilizes stream steepness, a known base level fall rate, and contact dips. Importantly, we demonstrate how this new approach can be combined with previous work to estimate erodibility values. We demonstrate this approach by accurately estimating the erodibility values used in our numerical models. After this demonstration, we use our approach to estimate erodibility values for a stream near Hanksville, UT. Because we show in our numerical models that one can estimate the erodibility of the unit with lower steepness, the erodibilities we estimate for this stream in Utah are likely representative of mudstone and/or siltstone. The methods we have developed can be applied to streams with temporally constant base level fall, opening new avenues of research within the field of geomorphology.
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    Data Files: Early Ridgecrest postseismic deformation reveals viscoelastic flow in weak uppermost mantle in southern California
    (American Geophysical Union, 2020) Dorsett, Jacob
    Data files for JGR-Solid Earth manuscript titled "Early Ridgecrest postseismic deformation reveals viscoelastic flow in weak uppermost mantle in southern California". The data are computed cumulative 4-month postseismic displacements.
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    Data for "Quantifying normal fault evolution from river profile analysis in the Northern Basin and Range province, Southwest Montana, USA"
    (2020-09) Armstrong, Ian; Yanites, Brian; Mitchell, Nate; Douglas, Bruce; DeLisle, Clarke
    Over the past few decades, tectonic geomorphology has been widely implemented to constrain spatial and temporal patterns of fault slip, especially where existing geologic or geodetic data are poor. We apply this practice along the eastern margin of Bull Mountain, Southwest Montana, where 15 transient channels are eroding into the flat, upstream relict landscape in response to an ongoing period of increased base level fall along the Western North Boulder fault. We aim to improve constraints on the spatial and temporal slip rates across the Western North Boulder fault zone by applying channel morphometrics, cosmogenic erosion rates, bedrock characteristics, and calibrated reproductions of the modern river profiles using a 1-dimensional stream power incision model that undergoes a change in the rate of base level fall. We preform over 104 base level fall simulations to explore a wide range of fault slip dynamics and stream power parameters. Our best fit simulations suggest that the Western North Boulder fault started as individual fault segments along the southern to middle region of Bull Mountain that nucleated around 3.5 Ma. This was followed by the nucleation of other fault segments in the northern region around 1.5 Ma. We re-create the evolution of the Western North Boulder fault to show that through time, these individual segments propagate at the fault tips and link together to span over 36 km, with a maximum slip of 462 m in the central portion of the fault. Fault slip rates range from 0.02 to 0.45 mm/yr along strike and are consistent with estimates for other active faults in the region. We find that the timing of fault initiation coincides with the timing of the northward propagation of Basin and Range extension and the migration of the Yellowstone Hotspot across the Idaho-Montana border. Furthermore, our range of calibrated bedrock erodibility values are comparable to those calculated from our cosmogenic erosion rates as well as values reported in other studies. Overall, we show that tectonic geomorphology can be used to improve spatial and temporal estimates of fault slip, especially where other geologic or geodetic constraints are poor, proving to be a vital tool for accurate tectonic hazard assessments. ​
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    Data for "Testing hypotheses of albite dissolution mechanisms at near-equilibrium using Si isotope tracers"
    (2020-09) Zhu, Chen; Zhang, Yilun; Rimstidt, J. Donald; Gong, Lei; Burkhart, Joseph A.; Chen, Kaiyun; Yuan, Honglin
    Data for paper to be submitted to Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta.
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    Coastal flooding will disproportionately impact people on river deltas
    (Nature Communications, 2020) Edmonds, Doug; Caldwell, Rebecca; Brondizio, Eduardo; Siani, Sacha
    This record contains scripts and readme files needed to reproduce the analyses presented in Edmonds et al., (2020), Nature Communications
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    Downstream changes in river avulsion style are related to channel morphology: Data and Scripts
    (2020) Valenza, Jeffery; Edmonds, Douglas; Hwang, Taehee; Roy, Samapriya
    Data files and scripts necessary to replicate results from Nature Communications article entitled "Downstream changes in river avulsion style are related to channel morphology" by Valenza, J., Edmonds D., Hwang, T., and Roy, S. Files include annual composited, tasseled cap transformed geoTIFFs, parent and avulsion channel masks, and Matlab and Google Earth Engine scripts to produce and process data.
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    Data Files: Present-day and Long-term Uplift Across the Western Transverse Ranges of Southern California
    Johnson, Kaj
    This collection contains data files used in a manuscript submitted to Journal of Geophysical Research titled "Present-day and Long-term Uplift Across the Western Transverse Ranges of Southern California". The data include GPS-derived vertical rates, leveling rates, InSAR-derived uplift rates, and geologic vertical rates from the SCEC Vertical Motion Database and a ~1Ma stratigraphic surface from the work of Sorlien and Nicholson.
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    Data for “Influence of floods, tides, and vegetation on sediment retention in Wax Lake Delta, Louisiana, USA”
    (Journal of Geophysical Research – Earth Surface, 2020-01) Olliver, Elizabeth A.
    Each of the zipped subfolders listed above contain all the Delft3D FLOW set up files used to conduct each of the 48 the modeling runs presented in “Influence of floods, tides, and vegetation on sediment retention in Wax Lake Delta, Louisiana, USA” published in Journal of Geophysical Research – Earth Surface. Also included are the history and map data files produced by the modeling runs from which all data presented in the article was extracted for our analyses. Please note that file names in these subfolders with the “_v9” designation are those files representing the version of the model run in which there is no erosion operating, while those file names with the “_v10” designation are those for the version of the model in which erosion is operating. See the Methods section - Experimental design and choice of boundary conditions in the article for discussion of the negligible influence of erosion in the model.