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(2013-09) Engs, Ruth Clifford
Chapter One: Introduction
(Praeger, 2001) Engs, Ruth Clifford
Since colonial times, four "Great Awakenings" have occurred in the United States. These social movements have typically begun with religious revivals from which significant political, economic, and social changes emerged. William G. McLoughlin (1978, xiii), a religious historian, in his Revivals, Awakenings, and Reform, has defined awakenings as "periods of cultural revitalization that begin in a general crisis of beliefs and values and extend over a period of a generation or so during which time a profound reorientation in beliefs and values takes place. Revivals alter the lives of individuals; awakenings alter the world-view of a whole people or culture." These awakenings have come in roughly eighty-to one hundredyear cycles.
Hints for Sensible, Moderate, and Responsible Alcohol Consumption and Party Hosting
(Tichenor Publishing Company, 1987) Engs, Ruth Clifford
Alcohol in the form of beer, wine, spirits, and ciders is consumed by many North Americans and by people in many other cultures around the world. Drinking, like eating, or any social activity, has some guidelines to help the participant get more enjoyment out of the activity. Gobbling down half a chocolate cake at a party would not be considered responsible eating or even polite in most cultures. The same goes for drinking. Responsible choices concerning sensible drinking may mean not drinking, such as when a person is sick, taking medications or being the designated driver. Responsible drinking means that you never have to feel sorry for what has happened while you were drinking. Basically, this means not becoming drunk. The following are some hints to help you drink responsibly and derive more enjoyment and pleasure from drinking if you choose to consume alcohol.
Historical Perspective and Connectivity Assignment
(2013) Engs, Ruth Clifford
In 800-1,000 words, briefly trace the recent (50 years) history of one of our majors and discuss how it integrates, connects, or interweaves with another major(s) in the school in a real world situation. Situations can be gleaned from news reports or the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR - http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/).
How Can I Manage Compulsive Shopping and Spending Addiction (Shopoholism)
(2010-12) Engs, Ruth Clifford
People who "shop 'till they drop" and run their credit cards up to the limit often have a shopping addiction. They believe that if they shop they will feel better. Compulsive shopping and spending generally makes a person feel worse. It is similar to other addictive behaviors and has some of the same characteristics as as problem drinking (alcoholism), gambling and overeating addictions.
How can I stop smoking?
(Tichenor Publishing Company, 1987) Engs, Ruth Clifford
First of all let's look at some of the reasons why you might want to stop smoking. Most things in life have risk. Some things are riskier than others. Long term inhaling of smoke, dust, sawdust, and other small particles are a risk for a variety of lung and other illnesses. Cigarette smoking, in particular has been associated with various cancers, heart disease, and emphysema.
How to do Meditation and Yoga to Reduce Stress
(Tichenor Publishing Company, 1987) Engs, Ruth Clifford
Most societies have developed methods to passively induce altered states and the relaxation response. For example, in most religions, prayer and/or meditation is common. It is often done rhythmically and repeatedly and, when carried out for a long period of time, a relaxed or altered state is often reached. This repeated form of prayer and meditation is common in Buddhism, Hinduism, and Roman Catholicism. Some other forms of passively induced altered states, besides meditation, are systematic relaxation, self hypnosis, yoga, and biofeedback. Most of these alternatives, besides being used for tension and stress reduction, can also be used for alleviating insomnia. When using them for sleep, do them lying down. When you use them for stress reduction, sit comfortably in a chair.
How to Get High Without Drugs
(Tichenor Publishing Company, 1987) Engs, Ruth Clifford
Risky activities and dangerous ventures have attracted many throughout the ages because of the thrill and natural high they often bring. Until recently, many cultures included risky ventures into their social fabric to fulfill this need. As an example, young males in many societies were expected to accomplish dangerous and daring missions such as hunting a bear alone, as an initiation into manhood. However, as societies changed, these risky "rites of passage" often became extinct. A need for risky ventures and excitement is thought to be one of the reasons why some get "turned onto drugs." However, other individuals became involved in apparently thrilling and risky recreational activities as an alternative to drugs. Common activities, to be discussed below, tend to fall into airborne, land, and water ventures.
Outline for the History of Public Heath Lecture
(2017) Engs, Ruth Clifford
Objective: the purpose of these lectures is to present an overview of the history, and to some extent the historiography of public health, and its many entities over the centuries-- particularly from the mid-19th century-- so as to gain insight into the depth and breadth of our discipline.
Upton Sinclair: Gossip, Scandal, and Health Fanaticism
(2013-06-11) Engs, Ruth Clifford
What Are Addictive Behaviors?
(Tichenor Publishing Company, 1987) Engs, Ruth Clifford
Any activity, substance, object, or behavior that has become the major focus of a person's life to the exclusion of other activities, or that has begun to harm the individual or others physically, mentally, or socially is considered an addictive behavior. A person can become addicted, dependent, or compulsively obsessed with anything. Some researchers imply that there are similarities between physical addiction to various chemicals, such as alcohol and heroin, and psychological dependence to activities such as compulsive gambling, sex, work, running, shopping, or eating disorders. It is thought that these behavior activities may produce betaendorphins in the brain, which makes the person feel "high." Some experts suggest that if a person continues to engage in the activity to achieve this feeling of well-being and euphoria, he/she may get into an addictive cycle. In so doing, he/she becomes physically addicted to his/her own brain chemicals, thus leading to continuation of the behavior even though it may have negative health or social consequences. Others feel that these are just bad habits.
What Stress Does to the Body
(Tichenor Publishing Company, 1987) Engs, Ruth Clifford
Stress is thought to be an important factor in many health problems. Early stress researchers found that regardless of the environmental stressor, a generalized physiological response was activated in the organism called the "ﬁght or ﬂight," or stress response and termed the General Adaptation Syndrome by Hans Selye. When an individual encounters a stressor, the body part that ﬁrst notes the stimulus passes the signal to the brain. The message passes through the reticular activating system to the hypothalamus and thalamus. When the hypothalamus experiences the stressor signal, it simultaneously activates the two major stress pathways: the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system. When the sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system is activated by the hypothalamus, involuntary functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and body ﬂuid regulation are affected. At the same time, the pituitary gland is stimulated, which in turn orders the release of several chemical hormones. The chemical cortisol provides fuel for the "ﬁght or ﬂight" response by increasing blood sugar so that there is energy for action. Aldosterone increases the blood pressure. Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine are also produced, along with thyroxine.

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