Occasional Papers - IGWS
Permanent link for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/2022/158
This series consists of small reports on research topics that were not expected to be re-examined. They were more inexpensively produced than special reports, owing to the more specialized subject matter. Henry H. Gray initiated this series in 1974, suggesting the benefit of a larger 8 ½” x 11” publication format (usually reserved for guidebooks) to display his research. Although occasional papers were initially produced in black and white using the Docutek process, the most recent versions were distributed digitally as downloadable PDFs. All required a full formal review.
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Item Age and Origin of Stone Quarried near Fort Wayne in the Mid-1800's(Indiana Geological & Water Survey, 1974) Moore, Michael C.; Rexroad, Carl BucknerThe published report of a quarry abandoned prior to 1888 was investigated because of the excellent location of the site with respect to potential markets. It was found, however, to be in an area having about 90 feet of unconsolidated overburden and no indication of the possibility of anomalous bedrock highs. Twenty kilograms of rock fragments were collected at the site, and petrographic examination and conodont study show that the rock belongs to the Dundee Limestone of middle Devonian age. The Dundee has not been recognized generally in Indiana, although lithologic equivalents may be present. Thus it is suggested that the rock was transported from northwestern Ohio to Allen County as a large glacial erratic which remained intact while being moved a distance of a few tens of miles.Item Age of the Detroit River Formation in Indiana(Indiana Geological & Water Survey, 1974) Droste, John B.; Orr, William R."The purpose of this note is to consider the age of the Detroit River Formation (middle Devonian) in northern Indiana by using new physical evidence obtained from a K-bentonite or metabentonite and paleontologic data provided by conodonts. The best known and well-documented, widespread sedimentary accumulation of volcanic ash in the middle Devonian rocks of the Appalachian Basin is the Tioga Bentonite Bed (Johnson, Milton, and Dennison, 1971: Dennison and Textoris, 1970). Oliver and others (1967, p. 1006-1007) indicated that the stratigraphic position of the Tioga in the Devonian System was between the Ulsterian and Erian Series, the Onesquethaw and Cazenovia Stages, and the Moorehouse and Seneca Members of the Onondaga Limestone in the New York outcrop. These workers showed the Dundee Limestone separated from the subjacent Columbus Limestone by the Tioga at Sandusky in northern Ohio, and Janssens (1970) stated that a 3-inch shale bed between the Columbus Limestone at Marble Cliff Quarry, Franklin County, Ohio, was identified as Tioga bentonite by D.A. Textoris and J.M. Dennison. Collinson and others (1967) showed the stratigraphic position of the Tioga in some wells in the Illinois Basin, and Becker (in preparation) traced the position of the Tioga in the Jeffersonville Limestone on geophysical logs of 60 wells in southwestern and west-central Indiana."Item Analyses of Subsurface Brines of Indiana(Indiana Geological & Water Survey, 1983) Keller, Stanley J.In 1959 the Indiana Geological Survey published Report of Progess 13, which contained all available brine analyses in its files. The report stated that additional brine samples would be collected, analyzed, and published later. This publication is the fulfillment of that promise.Item Application of finite element analysis to terrestrial heat flow(Indiana Geological & Water Survey, 1980) Rudman, Albert Julius; Lee, Tien Chang; Sjoreen, AndreaA program (FINITEG) uses the finite-element method to deal with programs commonly encountered in the study of terrestrial heat flow. FINITEG can provide transient and steady-state solutions to one heat-flow problem or combined problems related to relief, nonuniform surface temperature, transient surface temperature, inhomogeneous thermal properties, heat generation, igneous intrusion, sedimentation, and erosion. The theory of the relevant finite-element method, programming procedures, and test results are given to prove that the algorithm is correct. Numerical solutions agree to within 5 percent of the analytical solutions for the individual problems.Item Application of Finite-Element Analysis to Terrestrial Heat Flow(Indiana Geological Survey, 1980) Lee, Tien-Chang; Rudman, Albert J.; Sjoreen, AndreaA program ( FINITEG) uses the finite-element method to deal with problems commonly encountered in the study of terrestrial heat flow. FINITEG can provide transient and steady-state solutions to one heat-flow problem or combined problems related to relief, nonuniform surface temperature, transient surface temperature, inhomogeneous thermal properties, heat generation, igneous intrusion, sedimentation, and erosion. The theory of the relevant finite-element method, programming procedures, and test results are given to prove that the algorithm is correct. Numerical solutions agree to within 5 percent of the analytical solutions for the individual problems.Item Best Management Practices to Remediate Nitrate Contamination in a Major Outwash Aquifer in Jackson County, Indiana(Indiana Geological & Water Survey, 2009) Harper, Denver; Hartke, Edwin J.Item Bibliography of Indiana paleontology, 1831 to 2006(Indiana Geological & Water Survey, 2008) Steinmetz, John C.; Fall, LeighItem Buffalo Wallow Group Upper Chesterian (Mississippian) of Southern Indiana(Indiana Geological & Water Survey, 1978) Gray, Henry H."Outcropping Chesterian rocks in Indiana above the Glen Dean Limestone (Stephensport Group) are assigned to the Buffalo Wallow Group, a name from Kentucky usage that is here adopted in a somewhat expanded sense and is raised in rank. This group, which is about 270 feet (80 m) thick near the Ohio River but which is overlapped and truncated northward by the overlying Mansfield Formation of Pennsylvanian age, consists of three formations. In ascending order these are the Tar Springs, Branchville, and Tobinsport Formations. The latter two names are new. Seven named members are designated within these formations. Intervening rocks, principally shale, are not assigned as to member. The Tar Springs Formation includes one named member, the Tick Ridge Sandstone Member (new name for the massive sandstone phase of this formation). Marking the bottom and top, respectively, of the Branchville Formation are the Vienna Limestone Member (long-recognized equivalent of the Vienna Limestone of southern Illinois) and the Leopold Limestone Member (a thin tongue of the Menard Limestone of Illinois, newly named and including many exposures that earlier were identified as Siberia Limestone). The Tobinsport Formation includes four named members, in ascending order the Siberia Limestone Member (another thin tongue of the Menard Limestone and including the type Siberia), the Bristow Sandstone Member and the Mt. Pleasant Sandstone Member (two older names reinstated with reduction in rank but no change in concept), and near the top of the formation, the Negli Creek Limestone Member (basal member of the Kinkaid Formation of Illinois). All these named members are thin and relatively widespread except the Mifflin Sandstone Member, which is of small areal extent but is thick wherever it is recognized."Item Carl B. Rexroad: Reminiscence of a long career in conodont biostratigraphy and a bibliography of his published works(Indiana Geological & Water Survey, 2017) Steinmetz, John C.Item Chemical Analyses of Carbonate Rocks in Orange County, Indiana(Indiana Geological & Water Survey, 1994) Ennis, Margaret V."This report includes the geologic, geographic, and chemical information for samples of carbonate and associated rocks from Orange County, Indiana, presented in a tabular format. The tables were generated from the carbonate rock database which is being compiled for the entire state of Indiana. The chemical analyses are for samples obtained since 1947 by geologists with the Indiana Geological Survey (IGS). The purpose of this publication is to present the locations, units sampled, and the chemical analyses, if available, of carbonate rocks within the county. All the analyses were performed by IGS staff and, although some of the data tabulated here have been previously published, no references are given with the individual analyses to indicate such prior appearance. Written descriptions of the samplet sites are available as open-file reports in the Industrial Minerals Section."Item Coalbed Methane in Indiana(Indiana Geological & Water Survey, 1991) Harper, DenverMethane is a tasteless, odorless, invisible, combustible gas (chemical formula: CH4) that occurs naturally in certain rock strata, including almost all coalbeds... The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of what presently is known (and not known) about methane in Indiana's coalbeds.Item Compressive strength of the Springfield Coal Member in Indiana(Indiana Geological & Water Survey, 2003) Sprouls, Eric P.Item Computer Calculation of Two-Dimensional Gravity Fields(Indiana Geological & Water Survey, 1983) Blakely, Robert F.; Rudman, Albert JuliusIn 1959 Talwani and others published an algorithm to compute the gravitational field of an arbitrarily shaped two-dimensional body (finite cross section and infinite horizontal extent). A Fortran program GRAV2D presented in this report follows the line-integral method developed by Talwani and his coauthors. Input may consist of one or more bodies; output may be computed at any elevation and distance. Two test cases demonstrate the reliability of the program.Item Conodont paleontology of the Alum Cave Limestone Member of the Dugger Formation (Pennsylvanian, Desmoinesian) in the eastern part of the Illinois Basin(Indiana Geological & Water Survey, 2016) Brown, Lewis M.; Rexroad, Carl Buckner; Zimmerman, AlexThe major purpose of this study of the conodonts of the Alum Cave Limestone Member of the Dugger Formation in Indiana is to enhance understanding of Desmoinesian (Pennsylvanian) biostratigraphy and paleoenvironments in the Illinois Basin. We collected samples from 25 localities in Gibson, Greene, Knox, Perry, Posey, Sullivan, Vanderburgh, and War-rick Counties in southwestern Indiana. A thin unnamed dark gray to black shale generally, but not uniformly, separates the Alum Cave stratigraphically from the underlying Springfield Coal Member of the Petersburg Formation. Idiognathodus, primarily juveniles, domi-nates the conodont fauna. Hindeodus and Neognathodus are uncommon. Adetognathodus and Idioprioniodus are rare. Notably absent are Diplognathodus, Ubinates, and Gondolella.Item Conodonts from the Everton Dolomite and the St. Peter Sandstone (Loser Middle Ordovician) in a Core from Southwestern Indiana(Indiana Geological & Water Survey, 1982) Droste, John B.; Rexroad, Carl Buckner; Ethington, Raymond L."Conodonts have been recovered from samples of the Everton Dolomite and of the unconformably overlying St. Peter Sandstone from the General Electric Waste Disposal No. 2 core in Posey County, southwestern Indiana. The faunules are reported here because one documents the Everton age of rocks that in Indiana had been assigned to the Knox Dolomite and the other is the first description of indigenous conodonts from the St. Peter Sandstone. Subsurface information was not adequate in Indiana until recently for the certain recognition of the Everton Dolomite on a lithologic basis with supporting evidence from conodonts. The Everton conodonts are dominated by Paraprinoniodus costatus (Mound), and Leptochirognathus quadratus Branson & Mehl is next in abundance. Both are abundant components of the outcropping Everton fauna in Arkansas and Missouri. The St. Peter Sandstone is in facies relationship eastward in Indiana with two carbonate units, the Dutchtown Formation and the overlying Joachim Dolomite. The thin sandy dolomite lenses in the lower part of the St. Peter in Posey County contain a faunule that is fairly abundant but is low in diversity. Multioistodus subdentatus Cullison comprises more than 90 percent of the conodonts. The sampled part of the St. Peter correlates with part of the Dutchtown Formation of Missouri."Item Conodonts from the Vienna Limestone Member of the Branchville Formation (Chesterian) in Southern Indiana(Indiana Geological & Water Survey, 1981) Rexroad, Carl Buckner"Almost no conodonts have been described from the Vienna Limestone (Member) (Chesterian) in the Illinois Basin, although it is a key unit in recognized the base of the Branchville Formation in Indiana and the Buffalo Wallow Formation in Kentucky. The primary purpose of this paper then is to document the Vienna conodont fauna. Eleven sections in southern Indiana and three supplemental localities were chosen for study. Discrete-element taxonomy of Chesterian conodonts in the Illinois Basin had become relatively stable but is now mostly out of date, and so the collection is also being used to update the multielement taxonomy and to assist in evaluating quantitative statistical approaches to multielement taxonomy. The fauna is near normal in abundance of specimens, but diversity is low. Cavusgnathus dominates the fauna and with its ecologic associate Kladognathus makes up 95 percent of the fuana. Ambdagnathus is rare but fairly widely distributed. Hindeodus cristula and Synprioniodus was found only in bulk samples. The limited fauna is probably euryhaline and tolerated a wide range of energy levels, factors that excluded many of the usual Chesterian conodont animals."Item Corebook of Carbonate and Associated Rocks in Indiana(Indiana Geological & Water Survey, 2015) Keith, Brian D.; Thompson, Todd AlanItem Ctenoconularia Delphiensis, a New Species of the Conulata from the New Albany Shale (Upper Devonian) at Delphi, Indiana(Indiana Geological & Water Survey, 1974) Orr, William R.; Maroney, David G.Ctenoconularia delphiensis is a new species of the Conulata obtained from the base of the New Albany Shale (upper Devonian) at Delphi, Ind. This new species differs from other members of the genus in possessing several pustules opposite the transverse ridges in the interfacial grooves. The new taxon is based on 150 specimens from a phosphatic-nodular bed containing other fossils rich in calcium phosphate. The conulariid-bearing rock is a coarse-grained mature quartz sandstone interpreted as deposited under shallow marine conditions with penecontemporaneous formation of phosphatic nodules.Item Data Base for Deep Wells in Indiana(Indiana Geological Survey, 1984) Bassett, Peggy A.; Keith, Brian DA part of this data base was originally compiled during research on the Trenton Limestone by Brian D. Keith. Because of increased interest by the petroleum industry in deeper subsurface units in Indiana, we have expanded the data base and made it available by publication. This data base is a part of the computerized subsurface file of the Petroleum Section of the Indiana Geological Survey. The data base in the Petroleum Section contains pertinent information from all known records associated with petroleum-related wells in Indiana. This deep-well data base includes only wells that have penetrated the Black River Group or deeper stratigraphic units in Indiana. We intend to update the deep-well data base once a year. This updated data base will be available from the Geological Survey as an annual addendum to this report.Item Development of the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian Unconformity in Indiana(Indiana Geological Survey, 1989) Droste, John B.; Keller, Stanley J.In very early Pennsylvanian time the place nowcalled Indiana was the locus of subaerial erosion. About 8,000 square miles of this landscape is preserved in western Indiana beneath the rocks of the Pennsylvanian System. Data from 20,000 wells provide the evidence to reconstruct this surface and to describe its geomorphology. Six ancient physiographic regions that show clear relationships of landform to outcropping Mississippian bedrock have been identified. From north to south a distinctive topography is associated with each of the ancient outcrop areas of (1) the Borden Group, (2) the Sanders and Blue River Groups, (3) the West Baden Group, (4) the Stephensport Group, (5) the Tar Springs Formation through the Menard Limestone, and ( 6) the Palestine Sandstone through the Grove Church Shale. In northern Indiana the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian unconformity may represent as much as 8 million years of erosion. In southern Indiana that same unconformity may represent less than 3 million years of erosion.