Criminal Justice

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A retrospective study of the role of probation revocation in future criminal justice involvement
(Journal of Criminal Justice, 2024-07-01) Diaz, Carmen L.; Lowder, Evan M.; Northcutt Bohmert, Miriam; Ying, Michelle; Hatfield, Troy
Purpose: Probation revocations and associated incarceration can have detrimental impacts on individuals, their families, and local jails and prisons. Yet, few studies have examined the potential long-term criminogenic effects of revocation. To address this gap, we conducted a retrospective observational study examining whether probation revocation predicted future criminal justice contact. Methods: The sample included 1,873 probation clients who exited probation between 2014 and 2016 in Monroe County, Indiana. We used hierarchical logistic regression models to examine whether probation revocation predicted future criminal justice outcomes including any jail return, any felony charges, any violent charges, any prison return, and any probation return over a five-year follow-up. Results: After controlling for relevant covariates, probation revocation did not predict any of the five outcomes. However, low-risk clients experienced a criminogenic effect of technical violation revocations on the likelihood of returning to jail in the five-year follow-up period. Conclusions: Revocation broadly does not appear to influence future criminal justice contact. Instead, revocation seems to indicate that an individual is already following a trajectory of misconduct. Among low-risk probation clients however, technical violations are particularly harmful. Caution may be warranted when responding to technical violations committed by low-risk clients.
Can we prevent deaths of homeless persons? Police led public health approach to prevent homeless deaths
(The Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless, 2016-10-14) Ballew, Alfarena T; Hipple, Robert F Jr; Shaefer, Sarah J M; Hipple, Natalie Kroovand
Research on homeless populations demonstrates that homelessness in itself is an independent risk factor for death. However, there is a dearth of detailed data on homeless decedents and the situations surrounding their deaths. This lack of knowledge, a desire to understand how and why homeless individuals were dying, and a sentinel event death led the Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department Homelessness and Panhandling Unit to partner with a local researcher and begin conducting homeless death reviews. The approach is modeled after the evidence-based, public health approach of the Fetal and Infant Mortality Review process (FIMR). The FIMR model is a systematic approach to understanding system gaps and obtaining insights into the factors that resulted in homelessness and ultimately death. This article reports on the process to develop this unique multi-agency, police-led review of homeless deaths in Indianapolis, Indiana and resulting recommendations for action to decrease these deaths.
Evaluating Restorative Justice Circles of Support and Accountability (COSA): Can Social Support Overcome Structural Barriers?
(International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 2016-06-05) Hipple, Natalie Kroovand; Duwe, Grant; Northcutt Bohmert, Miriam
In a climate in which stigmatic shaming is increasing for sex offenders as they leave prison, restorative justice practices have emerged as a promising approach to sex offender reentry success and have been shown to reduce recidivism. Criminologists and restorative justice advocates believe that providing ex-offenders with social support they may not otherwise have is crucial to reducing recidivism. This case study describes the expressive and instrumental social support required and received, and its relationship to key outcomes, by sex offenders who participated in Circles of Support and Accountability (COSA), a restorative justice, reentry program in Minnesota. In-depth interviews with re-entering sex offenders and program volunteers revealed that seventy-five percent of offenders reported weak to moderate levels of social support leaving prison, 70% reported receiving instrumental support in COSA and 100% reported receiving expressive support. Findings inform work on social support, structural barriers, and restorative justice programming during sex offender reentry.
Gun crime incident reviews as a strategy for enhancing problem solving and information sharing
(Journal of Crime and Justice, 2016-03-09) Huebner, Beth M; O’Brien, Mallory; McGarrell, Edmund F; Hipple, Natalie Kroovand
Over the last several decades, police departments and other criminal justice agencies have seen a shift toward a proactive problem-solving response to crime problems. This problem solving orientation has often included an emphasis on expanded partnerships across criminal justice agencies as well as with a variety of community stakeholders, including researchers. This manuscript uses the issue of gun violence as a lens through which to examine the organizational and inter-organizational changes necessary to apply a data-driven, proactive, and strategic policing-led response to gun homicides and non-fatal shootings in four Midwestern sites. Each site adapted a unique data collection process and incident review. The data collection, incident reviews, and the varying models developed across the four cities, provide a reflection on corresponding organizational and inter-organizational changes that illuminate the movement toward this proactive, data-driven, problem solving model of criminal justice. Fulfilling the promise of the incident reviews, however, requires internal organizational and cross-agency inter-organizational collaboration to align people, systems, and resources with this proactive, problem-solving model. Additionally, effectively implementing these organizational and inter-organizational changes appears dependent on commitment and leadership, collaboration and partnerships, data quality and availability, and training and communication within and across organizational boundaries.
Lest We Forget: A Historical Analysis of Police Line of Duty Deaths in Indianapolis
(Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2017-07-07) Hipple, Natalie Kroovand; Gruenewald, Jeff; Gonsler, John; Sargent, D. Jackson
Previous studies on police line of duty deaths are limited by their heavy reliance on traditional data. While the FBI’s Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted (LEOKA) data have undoubtedly advanced what we know about violence against police, placing line of duty deaths in their social and historical context poses challenges. Further, only a select number of variables are available for event-level analyses from traditional data sources. In this study, we utilise data culled from several open-source materials to present a comprehensive analysis of police line of duty deaths in Indianapolis, Indiana from 1880 to 2014. Descriptive findings for several incident, victim, and offender-level variables are presented, while placing fatal attacks on police within their sociohistorical and situational contexts. Two themes emerging from open-source data are also used to make sense of our descriptive findings. The first theme captures shifting circumstances from public to private line of duty deaths, while the second theme suggests how advancing technologies have been used to benefit police work while also introducing new risks to officer safety.
An Outcome Evaluation of the Indianapolis Community Court
(Criminal Justice Policy Review, 2015-02-26) Ray, Bradley; Hipple, Natalie Kroovand; Grommon, Eric
Seeking to alleviate traditional criminal justice system processing for low-level non-violent crimes, community courts have emerged as a viable alternative. These courts use innovative community-based efforts to address the needs of defendants charged with quality of life crimes and attempt to improve the surrounding community. Using a retrospective quasi-experimental design, this research examines recidivism outcomes for a sample of 574 defendants who were referred to the Indianapolis Community Court. Repeated measures ANOVA models were used to assess one- and three-year follow-up intervals. Survival models were used to determine if significant differences between groups exist on the timing of recidivism events. The analysis revealed no statistically significant differences between those individuals who were processed through community court and those processed through traditional courts. The implications of these findings for future research and community court policy and practice are discussed.
Policing and Homelessness: Using Partnerships to Address a Cross System Issue
(Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 2016-05-03) Hipple, Natalie Kroovand
Increasingly, law enforcement agencies have been forced to become more creative in their problem solving efforts, that is, do more with less. Arresting their way out of a problem is not always the best response on many levels given the cost to taxpayers as well as the possible strain put on community relationships. Given the other realization that some problems are not solely police problems, solving problems using multi-agency partnerships has gained traction and there is evidence to support these partnerships as viable options. This manuscript presents a pilot study of a problem-solving effort in Indianapolis, Indiana grounded in multi-agency partnerships. Led by the Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department, the goal was to reduce the burden of mentally ill and/or addicted homeless individuals on the criminal justice and emergency medical services systems. It serves to inform both academics and practitioners about an innovative strategy occurring in Indianapolis which may help relieve some of the economic burden on the criminal justice system and ultimately decrease the homeless population.
Restorativeness, Procedural Justice, and Defiance as Long-term Predictors of Re-Offending of Participants in Family Group Conferences
(Criminal Justice and Behavior, 2015-08-18) McGarrell, Edmund F; Gruenewald, Jeff; Hipple, Natalie Kroovand
This study extends Hipple and colleagues’ (2014) variation analysis by examining how varying degrees of restorative justice, procedural justice, and defiance in family group conference (FGC) processes and outcomes affect long-term juvenile recidivism measures in one large Midwestern U.S. city. The current study uses two data sets from the Indianapolis Juvenile Restorative Justice Experiment that include conference observations, juvenile histories, and adult criminal histories to examine how variations in FGC elements shape juvenile recidivism outcomes in a long-term follow-up period. Findings reveal that the greater fidelity of FGCs to the theoretical foundations of restorativeness and procedural justice, the better outcomes in the long-term as measured by future offending. Specifically, offense type and conference restorativeness influenced the probability of recidivism in the long-term. Results are consistent with the theoretical predictions of Reintegrative Shaming and Procedural Justice theories, providing further support that FGCs are a viable youth justice program option.

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