Information and Library Science

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Algorithmic accountability and digital justice: A critical assessment of technical and sociotechnical approaches.
(Proceedings of the 82nd Annual Conference of the American Society of Information Science and Technology, 2019-10) Rosenbaum, H.; Fichman, P.
The concept of digital justice is intended to open up discourse about strategies for bringing relief to those who believe they have been discriminated against or harmed by algorithmic decision making. Digital justice has depended on algorithmic accountability, a means by which entities can be held accountable for the consequences of algorithmic decision making. This paper critically examines the concept of algorithmic accountability to assess its utility as a ground for digital justice and argues that it is fraught with difficulties. After discussing digital justice and algorithmic discrimination, algorithmic accountability is decomposed into two types, technical and sociotechnical. These approaches are critically assessed and a cautionary note is struck about the difficulty of enacting algorithmic accountability. If this argument is persuasive, it implies that the concept of digital justice also has difficulties. The paper concludes with suggestions for moving forward that do not use either version of algorithmic accountability.
Answer reliability on Q&A sites
(Proceedings of The Sixteenth Americas Conference on Information Systems, 2010-08) Shachaf, P.
Similar to other Web 2.0 platforms, user-created content on question answering (Q&A) sites raises concerns about information quality. However, it is possible that some of these sites provide accurate information while others do not. This paper evaluates and compares answer reliability on four Q&A sites. Content analysis of 1,522 transactions from Yahoo! Answers, Wiki Answers, Askville, and the Wikipedia Reference Desk, reveals significant differences in answer quality among these sites. The most popular Q&A site (that attracts the largest numbers of users, questions, and answers) provides the least accurate, complete, and verifiable information.
Chinese collective trolling
(Proceedings of the 81st Annual Conference of the American Society of Information Science and Technology, 2018-11) Sun, H.; Fichman, P.
The vast majority of research on online trolling focused on Western cultures. Given the role context plays in shaping online interactions, it is important to take into account its socio‐cultural context and investigate the role of national culture, by conducting research into trolling in Eastern cultures. In this paper, we attempt to begin addressing this gap by focusing on Chinese collective trolling, looking at Sina Weibo's PG One case. Specifically, we aim to identify who are the major players, what are the metaphors they use, and what are the major trolling tactics employed in Chinese collective trolling event. Using a mixed‐method approach, we analyzed 2,004 posts and 9,967 comments on Sina Weibo's PG One case, of which 480 were sampled for thematic content analysis. Major contributions of this study include an account of collective trolling in Chinese cultural context that is characterized by role switching between trolls, bystanders, and victims during the various stages of the event. We conclude with suggestion for future research directions.
Computational Discovery and Visualization of Semantic Structures in Historical and Literary Corpora: The Chymistry of Isaac Newton & The Algernon Charles Swinburne Project
(Stanford University, 2011) Walsh, John A.; Hooper, Wallace Edd
Data Managers’ Perspectives on Designated Communities and FAIR Principles
(2019-03-31) Zegler-Poleska, Ewa; Donaldson, Devan Ray
This poster presents preliminary findings of the study on data managers’ perspectives on changes in the Designated Community, related evolution of support services provided by the repository, and the FAIR Principles. The study examines the case of the Petroleum Database Management System (PDMS) hosted by the Indiana Geological and Water Survey (IGWS), a research institute of Indiana University.
Flöte zu Flûte à Flute: A Survey of Transverse & Vertical Flute Terminology in London, 1575-1820
(2021-04-20) Carter, Sarah Helen
For flute performers and music researchers alike, inconsistencies in terminology in the early modern period can frequently cause frustration and confusion when working with flute music or documents from that era. Historical documents refer to transverse flute and vertical flute – known commonly today as the flute and recorder, respectively – using a variety of terms that often overlap. This makes it virtually impossible at times to determine which instrument a piece may have been written for or a book may be referring to, which, in turn, puts the accuracy of a performer’s interpretation or a researcher’s work in serious jeopardy. While some scholarship attempting to clarify these nomenclature discrepancies exist, those essays fail to thoroughly track the development of the nomenclature itself. This convenience-sampled survey of flute-related primary source documents published in London between 1575 and 1820 provides an in-depth look at how exactly the terminology used in reference to the transverse and vertical flute evolved in England. The documents utilized in this survey are drawn from a variety of sources, including, the Baldwin Wallace University Riemenschneider Bach Institute and the Library of Congress Dayton C. Miller Collection. By analyzing how these terms have evolved over time, this study not only provides important observations on shifts in nomenclature that will prove invaluable to ensuring accuracy in the work of performers and researchers alike, but it also prompts numerous topics of further studying, opening the door for further flute-specific etymological research.
Handing Flute Researchers the Keys: Developing a Flute Research Guide for the Riemenschneider Bach Institute
(2022-04-28) Carter, Sarah Helen
The Riemenschneider Bach Institute (RBI) at Baldwin Wallace University houses a plethora of fascinating flute-related materials. However, the students who would have the easiest access to these materials are either unaware of their existence or unsure of where to begin their research. And, for researchers outside of BW who may not immediately be able to visit the RBI, it is difficult to discern the value of an item to their work based on catalog records alone. The new Flute Materials in the Riemenschneider Bach Institute research guide addresses these issues in numerous ways. This public-facing virtual guide provides in-depth descriptions of over 25 flute-related items from the RBI’s collections including lists of contents, unique markings, and biographical information on authors/contributors. This provides students who are unaware of or intimidated by the possibility of researching these items with an accessible place to learn more about them at any time. And, for researchers outside of BW, the guide provides a way to quickly learn more about a given item and explore the ways in which it could be incorporated into their work before even setting foot in the RBI. Ultimately, the Flute Materials in the Riemenschneider Bach Institute research guide marks an important step towards making the RBI’s fascinating array of flute materials more accessible to all and, hopefully, will pave the way for additional subject-specific virtual RBI research guides in the future.
Jack Kirby as a Genre
(2006) Walsh, John A.
Katy, Millie, Misty, and Me: Participatory Culture in Teen Fashion and Humor Comics
(2019-06-27) Walsh, John A.
This paper explores pre-Internet, print-based participatory culture in the form of reader-contributed content to fashion and humor comics associated with characters such as Archie Comics’ Katy Keene and Marvel’s Patsy Walker and Millie the Model. Comics featuring these characters were published regularly from the 1940s into late 1960s and early 1970s. A key feature of these comics is the inclusion of reader-contributed content. Readers submitted— through the mail—fashion designs, story ideas, and other creative contributions. The artists on these comics would incorporate the readers’ contributions and credit the readers in the pages of the published comics. Through this form of reader-participation—a readerly practice that transcends “reading” in its literal sense—readers become co-creators of the comics they consumed, and in some cases, readers also become characters, as their contributions, identities, and images were woven into the fictional narrative and the textual and visual fabric of the comics. The Katy Keene and Millie the Model characters were revived in the 1980s, with Millie appearing as the aunt of the titular character from the six-issue series Misty, written and drawn by Trina Robbins. In these 1980s revivals, the practice of soliciting reader contributions was also reintroduced, and readers of the earlier comics took on new roles as primary creators, or resumed their previous roles as reader- contributors, alongside a new, younger generation of reader-contributors. In the comics under investigation, we witness the evolution of a particular textual/visual form of participatory culture that engages readers ranging in age from young children to middle-aged adults. The connections among readers, creators, characters, and the material comic book will be explored through analysis of the published comics alongside archival sources, including the original fan mail from readers to Trina Robbins and her creation, “Misty.”
Learning to Think Outside the Bachs: Reimagining Information Literacy with Archival Materials for Undergraduate Students at the Baldwin Wallace University Riemenschneider Bach Institute
(2022-10-29) Carter, Sarah Helen
Despite the extensive collection of archival music materials the Riemenschneider Bach Institute offers freely for Baldwin Wallace Conservatory students to use, very few of those students regularly engage with the RBI’s collections. In addition, the Baldwin Wallace Conservatory currently has no formal information literacy curriculum established for music students, which leaves them without essential information discovery tools and skills upon graduation. This poster will present a new course-integrated information literacy framework developed for the Baldwin Wallace Conservatory. The framework incorporates the Riemenschneider Bach Institute’s archival materials to ensure that students are not only able to take full advantage of the unique items in the Bach Institute’s collections, but are also able to engage with information and archival materials more effectively upon graduation.
Managing online trolling: From deviant to social and political trolls
(IEEE Press, 2017-01) Sanfilippo, M.; Yang, S.; Fichman, P.
Trolling behaviors are extremely diverse, varying by context, tactics, motivations, and impact. Definitions, perceptions of, and reactions to online trolling behaviors vary. Since not all trolling is equal or deviant, managing these behaviors requires context sensitive strategies. This paper describes appropriate responses to various acts of trolling in context, based on perceptions of college students in North America. In addition to strategies for dealing with deviant trolling, this paper illustrates the complexity of dealing with socially and politically motivated trolling.
Media Selection Theory For Global Virtual Teams
(Proceedings of the 12th Americas Conference on Information Systems, 2006-08) Shachaf, P.; Hara, N.
This study proposes a behavioral complexity theory for media selection in global virtual teams. This theory captures multiple contingencies into one holistic approach. Unlike existing linear and mechanistic theories of media selection, this heuristic theory moves away from the universal models that were previously proposed. The behavioral complexity theory assumesambiguity, complexity, and a nonlinear, organic, and holistic process. This theory emphasizes the role of media repertoire,the ability of individuals to differentiate situations according to multiple contingencies, and their flexibility to effectively use multiple media in any particular situation. This theory is examined in a context of exploratory case study of global virtual teams’ media selection in one of the leading fortune 500 corporations.
Online social reference: A research agenda through a STIN framework
(Proceedings of the 2009 iConference, 2009-02) Shachaf, P.; Rosenbaum, H.
This paper suggests a research agenda for online social reference using the Socio-Technical Interaction Network (STIN) framework [21]. It addresses the need for more research on social reference, which refers to online question asking and answering services that are provided by communities of volunteers on Q&A sites. Social reference exemplifies an interesting stage of development in two information research domains: 1) information retrieval, as it combines social input into the technological challenges; 2) reference research, as it signifies a group collaborative efforts to answer questions instead of the traditional dyadic question negotiation. The proposed research agenda draws from social informatics and suggests questions that address both the social and technological factors at work on Q&A sites.
Social reference and library reference service
(Proceedings of the 2009 IFLA Satellite Meeting on Emerging Trends in Technology, 2009-08) Shachaf, P.
Some of the fastest growing Web 2.0 segments are question-answering (Q&A) sites that involve a collaborative reference service - social reference. Social reference refers to online question answering services that are provided by communities of volunteers on Q&A sites. Because this collaborative group effort in answering question is comparable with library reference service in quality, the implementation of the social reference model to enhance reference service in library 2.0 is discussed.
The Archives as a Muse: Incorporating Primary Sources into the Student Works of Undergraduate Composers
(2023-11-04) Carter, Sarah Helen
When the author, in her third year of undergraduate music composition studies, decided to shift her career path towards music librarianship, one of her greatest struggles was figuring out how to tie her newfound field of study into the pieces she was writing as a student composer. What ultimately served to bridge that gap was the use of archival materials and other primary sources as a source of core inspiration from the outset of the composition process. This poster will outline the development of two pieces the author wrote as an undergraduate – “The Bird Fancyer’s Companion” and “je vous aime et aimerai jusqu'au tombeau” – and the primary sources they are derived from – two editions of “The Bird Fancyer’s Delight” (c.1717) from the Library of Congress’ Dayton C. Miller Collection and two published collections of correspondence between Princess Isabella von Parma (1741-1763) and Maria Christina, Duchess of Teschen (1742-1798). These experiences will be framed as a case study with the ultimate goal of showing how primary sources can be made most relevant to the undergraduate student composer when taken outside of the traditional realm of music history coursework and presented as a potential source of inspiration for their compositions.
Web 2.0: A Social Informatics Perspective
(Proceedings of the 13th Americas Conference on Information Systems, 2007-08) Allen, J. P.; Rosenbaum, H.; Shachaf, P.
This position paper argues that the Web 2.0 phenomenon is an important object of study for information systems research, and that a social informatics approach to understanding Web 2.0 is particularly relevant and useful. We discuss Wikipedia as an example of empirical research on Web 2.0 that can help bridge the divide between academic and popular discourse on new technology movements.
Yet another proto-comic: The hagiographical Christian icon with “scenes of the life”
(Comics Arts Conference / Comic-Con International, San Diego, CA, 2024) Walsh, John A.
When discussing the history and form of comics, many theorists contextualize modern comics by discussing various proto-comics and historical precedents that share structural and formal features with what we now call comics or sequential art. In Understanding Comics, Scott McCloud discusses such examples as the Bayeux Tapestry, the pre-Columbian Codex Zouch-Nuttall, and William Hogarth’s “A Harlot’s Progress.” This presentation will explore another type of proto-comic, a specific genre of Eastern Christian icons. Religious icons depicting Christ, the Virgin Mary, angels, and saints have been an essential part of Eastern Christianity since its early centuries. These murals, mosaics, or, most commonly, paintings on wood typically represent a single figure or scene. However, some icons include a central figure surrounded by smaller images depicting pivotal scenes from the life of the icon’s subject. For instance, a 16th-century “Icon Praising the Mother of God” consists of a large central image of Mary surrounded by smaller panels depicting scenes from her life, including the annunciation, the nativity, the flight into Egypt, and Christ’s crucifixion. I will analyze this genre of Christian icon, several specific examples, and how the general type and the particular examples conform to standard definitions of comics and sequential art.

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