Posters - IGWS

Permanent link for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/2022/421

This series is comprised of maps and topical posters, usually containing a combination of photographs and graphics. Typically educational in nature, they are intended for a public audience. Posters go through a full formal review, are usually commercially offset printed in large batches, and are sold through the IGWS Bookstore.

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 33

Modern and Ancient Tides
(Indiana Geological & Water Survey, 1998) Hill, Barbara T.; Kvale, Erik; Sowder, Kimberly
Hindostan Whetstone Tombstone Industry in Indiana. 1811-1860
(2004) Kvale, Erik P.; Powell, Richard L.
Stone from the Hindostan Whetstone beds in southwestern Indiana was used to fashion gravestones during the early 1800s. Whetstone grave markers were among the very first commercial tombstones used in Indiana. The production of whetstone grave markers peaked during the 1840s and dropped off rapidly in the early 1850s. This drop in production can be tied to improvements in transportation in southern Indiana. The establishment of regional railroad lines opened Indiana to white marble from places like Tennessee, Georgia, and Vermont. The Indiana limestone industry also began to produce and market commercial gravestones. The lighter colors of these later monuments were preferred. Unfortunately, the marble and limestone markers were much more susceptible to the ravages of the weather and deteriorated rapidly. During the late 1800s they were eventually displaced by monuments of igneous and metamorphic rocks such as granite, or, for a short period of time in the 1890s, by metal monuments. The whetstone tombstone industry was by then largely forgotten.
Whetstone Marker Carvers & Dealers
(2006) Powell, Richard L.
Eighty-six of the approximately 1,850 whetstone grave markers found to date in Indiana and Illinois have been signed by their engraver or the dealer who sold them. The signatures usually are found to the lower right of the inscriptions. Some signed markers have not been found because the name was buried below the soil, windblown soil or humus accumulated and obscured the name, or a broken marker was re-set deeper in the soil.
The New Albany Shale gas play in southern Indiana
(2006) Comer, J. B.; Hasenmueller, N. R.; Mastalerz, M. D.; Rupp, J. A.; Shaffer, N. R; Zuppann, C. W
The New Albany Shale (Devonian and Mississippian) in Indiana is mostly brownish-black organic-rich shale with lesser greenish-gray shale. The formation is 100 to 140 feet thick in southeastern Indiana and dips and thickens to the southwest into the Illinois Basin, where it attains a thickness of more than 360 feet in Posey County. Gas production from New Albany Shale began in 1885 and drilling activity continued into the 1930s, when interest waned in favor of more lucrative opportunities elsewhere. Renewed activity, driven by higher gas prices, has been brisk since the mid-1990s, witnessed by the completion of more than 400 productive wells. The majority of these wells were drilled in Harrison County, where production typically occurs at depths from 500 to 1,100 feet and production rates generally range from 20 to 450 MCFGPD. In the past 2 years, Daviess County and surrounding areas have become the focus of New Albany exploration after the El Paso Production No. 2-10 Peterson horizontal discovery well was rumored to have tested 1.3 MMCFGPD at an approximate measured depth of 2,200 feet. New Albany production is mostly from the organic-rich Clegg Creek Member. Gas compositions (C1-C4 and CO2) and carbon and hydrogen isotopic signatures indicate that both purely thermogenic and mixed thermogenic and biogenic gases are produced from the New Albany. Produced water ranges from brine to water diluted through recharge by modern precipitation; the brine zones contain primarily thermogenic gas and the diluted water zones contain gas of mixed thermogenic and biogenic origin.
Minerals of Indiana
(Indiana Geological & Water Survey, 2006) Day, John M.; Hill, Barbara T.; Shaffer, Nelson R.; Sowder, Kimberly
Fossils of Indiana
(Indiana Geological & Water Survey, 2006) Day, John M.; Hill, Barbara T.; Sowder, Kimberly; Steinmetz, John C.
Recent Additions and Ongoing Features of the Indiana Geological Survey's Online Petroleum Database Management System
(2006-11-06) Zuppann, Charles W.; Radhakrishnan, Prem
The Indiana Geological Survey's (IGS) Petroleum Database Management System (PDMS) was made available online in 2003 (http://www.igs.indiana.edu/pdms). At that time the PDMS contained one module which provided (and continues to provide) extensive data on more than 71,000 petroleum test wells drilled in Indiana. This module is at present termed the "Well Record Tables" of the PDMS. Well records can be searched and sorted by various criteria. Complete data for individual wells is printable in a convenient well history report. For those who wish to incorporate PDMS data into their own databases or mapping programs, all the PDMS well data tables can be downloaded, in whole or in part, as ASCII spreadsheet files. In 2005, a second module, the Map Viewer, went online. It offers an interactive map interface that presents considerable well data in map view, as well as other supporting spatial data such as topographic maps, aerial photographs, and cultural and natural features. The map view may be configured to show productive formations (pay zones), wells with samples or cores, and wells which have been designated as "Type Wells" (so designated for their particular geologic significance). The Fields and Production module, added in 2006, summarizes information on more than 800 oil, gas, and gas storage fields in the state. A table and accompanying graph portray current and cumulative primary and secondary oil production for each oil field. Links to available field studies are also presented. Additional resources in the PDMS include IGS Petroleum Topic Reports (short single-topic reports related to petroleum geology in Indiana) and an extensive interactive Help.
Dressing the Emperor: The Role of GIS in the Development of Three-Dimensional Hydrogeologic Models
(2006-11-20) Letsinger, Sally L.; Olyphant, Greg A.; Medina, Cristian R.
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) (2001) mapped structure contours for the tops of each of 20 individual units in intersecting and overlapping glacial morphosequences in Berrien County, Michigan (1,350 km2), as part of the mapping program of the Central Great Lakes Geologic Mapping Coalition (CGLGMC). We have developed a methodology to translate this detailed morphostratigraphy first into a solid three-dimensional geologic model, and then into a three-dimensional block of data that can be used as input to a finite-difference groundwater-flow model. The technique involves a hybrid approach involving geographic information systems (GIS), three-dimensional information visualization software (3DIVS), and customized data-processing code. The methodology begins by converting Stone’s structure contours (they are attributed vector contours) for each individually mapped unit into a raster surface at a defined grid resolution (200 m x 200 m). The top of the geologic model is the surface topography (digital elevation model), which is also used to derive the drainage network that is an important boundary condition in the groundwater-flow model. The bottom of the geologic model is the bedrock topography, which was also mapped and contoured by USGS (2001). Stone constructed his structure contour model such that the bottom of each map unit is described by the surface contours of the unit that lies immediately below it. Complex interrelationships dictate that the tops of a number of individually mapped units are sometimes required to describe the bottom surfaces of laterally more extensive units. Once all of the requisite raster grids have been derived, they can be manipulated to provide input that is necessary for development of a detailed solid geologic model using 3DIVS. GIS software and custom code are also used to assign hydrogeologic attributes to the elements of the final three-dimensional finite-difference geologic model.
Dressing the Emperor: The Role of Three-Dimensional Information Visualization Software in the Development of Three-Dimensional Hydrogeologic Models
(2006-11-20) Medina, Cristian R.; Olyphant, Greg A.; Letsinger, Sally L.
The goal of this research is to develop a model that describes the saturated and unsaturated groundwater flow in Berrien County, Michigan (1,350 km2), an area containing a complex sequence of glacio-lacustrine deposits. Stone and others (2001) mapped the morphosequences in Berrien County at a scale of 1:24,000, which includes georeferenced structure contours for 20 individual units. We have developed a methodology to translate this detailed morphostratigraphy into a solid three-dimensional geologic model, and then into a three-dimensional block of data that can be used as input to a finite-difference groundwater-flow model. Letsinger and others (2006) describe the process of using geographic information system software to convert the structure contours into georeferenced raster layers that describe each unit. At this stage of the reconstruction, only the bounding surfaces between the units are defined. In order to stack the units in vertical space using customized computer code, a “virtual well field” (regularized two-dimensional array of points) samples each x-y location in each of the 20 rasterized data layers. Units that are intersected from the top bounding surface (surface topography) to the bottom bounding surface (bedrock surface) are then identified. The result of this step is a vector (one-dimensional array) at each virtual well location that describes the elevation of each morphostratigraphic unit boundary intersected at that location. However, at this stage, the model is essentially a regularized three-dimensional point cloud, and three-dimensional information visualization software (3DIVS) is then utilized to generate a solid geologic model by interpolating the vertical geologic “samples” throughout the model domain. A finite-difference grid (“brickpile”) at the chosen resolution of the groundwater-flow model is then generated from the solid geologic model using data-processing functions of the 3DIVS.
Compound Specific Carbon and Hydrogen Stable Isotope Ratios of Coalbed Gases in Southeastern Illinois Basin
(2007-01-12) Strapoc, Dariusz; Schimmelmann, Arndt; Mastalerz, Maria; Eble, Cortland
Coalbed gases and waters from exploratory and production gas wells in the southeastern Illinois Basin were sampled to geochemically assess the origin of coalbed gases, with emphasis on Springfield and Seelyville coal members that are commercially targeted for coalbed methane production. On-line analyses of hydrocarbon gases (methane to butanes: C1, C2, C3, n-C4, i-C4) and CO2 yielded chemical concentrations, Delta-D, and Delta 13C values. The low thermal maturity of Indiana coals (vitrinite reflectance Ro ~ 0.6%) is in agreement with an overwhelmingly biogenic isotopic signature of coalbed gas that has greater than or equal to 96% methane generated via bacterial CO2-reduction. In contrast, thermogenic coalbed gas was generated by the stratigraphically equivalent coalbeds in western Kentucky’s Rough Creek Graben zone where higher maturities of up to Ro ~ 0.8% are reached due to tectonic and hydrothermal activity. No secondary biogenic methane was observed in Kentucky coalbed gases, probably due to greater burial depths and limited recharge of meteoric water. The two differently sourced types of coalbed gases are compositionally and isotopically distinct. Microbial biodegradation of thermogenic C2+ hydrocarbon gases in Indiana coalbeds preferentially targets C3 and introduces isotope fractionation whereby remaining C3 is enriched in heavy hydrogen and carbon isotopes.
Contact Metamorphism of Bituminous Coal by Intruding Dike in the Illinois Basin Causes Short-Range Thermal Alteration
(2007-08) Drobniak, Agnieszka; Mastalerz, Maria; Schimmelmann, Arndt; Sauer, Peter
Changes in high-volatile bituminous coal (Pennsylvanian) near contacts with volcanic intrusions in Illinois were investigated with respect to coal chemistry, carbon and hydrogen stable isotope ratios, and pore structure. Vitrinite reflectance (Ro) increases from ~0.6% to ~5% within 4.7 m from the dike. Elemental chemistry of the coal shows distinct reduction in hydrogen and nitrogen content approaching the intrusions. No trend was noticed for total sulfur content, but decreases in sulfate and organic sulfur contents towards the dikes indicate thermal sulfur reduction (TSR). Carbon isotopic values did not show significant changes, whereas hydrogen isotopic values showed a distinct trend of becoming more negative toward the dikes. Contact metamorphism has a dramatic effect on coal porosity. The mesopore volume decreases 3 3 from 0.01 cm /g in the unaffected coal to 0.004 cm /g at a distance 3 of 4.5 m away from the contact, then hovers around 0.004 cm /g closer to the contact. In contrast, the micropore volume shows a 3 progressive decrease from 0.04 cm /g in unaffected coal to almost 3 0.01 cm /g at the contact. Strongly decreasing mesopore and micropore volumes in the altered zone, together with frequent cleat and fracture-filling by calcite, indicate deteriorating conditions for both coalbed gas sorption and gas transmissibility.
Geodes of Indiana
(Indiana Geological & Water Survey, 2008) Shaffer, Nelson R.
Woodford Shale in Southern Midcontinent, USA - Transgressive System Tract Marine Source Rocks on an Arid Passive Continental Margin with Persistent Oceanic Upwelling
(2008-04) Comer, John B.
Woodford Shale (Givetian to Kinderhookian) is a prolific hydrocarbon source rock in the southern USA Midcontinent and is locally an unconventional oil and gas reservoir. Woodford sediments were deposited in epeiric seas as anaerobic and dysaerobic biofacies recording widespread bottom-water anoxia and strongly density-stratified water columns. High concentrations of marine organic matter coexist with abundant biogenic silica, indicating that high biological productivity in surface waters was supported by dynamic upwelling. Hypersalinity, recorded as anhydrite in burrows and syneresis cracks, suggests an arid paleoclimate and indicates that density stratification was due in part to accumulation of hypersaline bottom water. Plate-tectonic reconstructions consistent with an arid paleoclimate and dynamic upwelling place this region on the western passive continental margin of North America in the dry tropics near 15 degrees south latitude. Here, southeasterly trade winds and Ekman circulation force surface water westward toward the open ocean and countercurrents with upwelled oceanic water eastward onto the craton. The strong net flow of ocean water into the epeiric seas developed because of the high rate of evaporation during a period of eustatic sea level rise. Transgressive system tracts along west-facing, arid passive continental margins produce marine source rocks because of the steady influx of upwelled oceanic nutrients, which support high biologic productivity, strongly density-stratified water columns that inhibit oxygen re-supply and promote organic matter preservation, and absence of significant rainfall, which precludes large river discharge and minimizes influx of terrestrially derived clastic sediments.
Web-Based Glacial and Bedrock Geologic Map Products and Databases for Allen County, Indiana
(2008-09-17) Rupp, Robin F.; Olejnik, Jennifer; Hasenmueller, Nancy R.; Karaffa, Marni D.; Walls, A. Chris; Radhakrishnan, Premkrishna; Eaton, Nathan, K.
The Internet is becoming the medium of choice for delivering geologic information to both technical users and the general public. The Indiana Geological Survey (IGS) is currently creating a Web-based glacial and bedrock geologic map site for Allen County in northeastern Indiana. Allen County is the site of Fort Wayne, Indiana’s second largest city, and lies within IGS mapping and outreach priority areas based on population density and transportation corridors. This Web site provides detailed geologic information in an area that continues to experience pressure on natural resources by a large population and expanding transportation network. It is anticipated that the information from the Web site will be widely used by the general public and by industry and government entities. The Allen County Web site includes an Internet map server (IMS), as well as illustrations, educational summaries, and discussions of geologic maps, terrain images, and databases that complement the IMS. The site provides a front-end to the IGS enterprise geodatabases, which contain information used simultaneously for research and for viewing by the general public. The geodatabase systems allow maps and data to be efficiently created, managed, updated, and distributed. Maps provided on the Allen County Web site include: (1) digital elevation model terrain, (2) Landsat imagery, (3) surficial geology, (4) drift thickness, (5) bedrock topography, (6) bedrock geology, and (7) water-table elevation. Technical database information includes: (1) lithologic information compiled from water-well information in the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water well records, (2) natural gamma-ray geophysical log data, (3) stratigraphic test hole data, and (4) petroleum-well data. The development of the Web site was funded by the IGS and the Central Great Lakes Geologic Mapping Coalition.
Depth Relationships in Porosity and Permeability in the Mount Simon Sandstone (Basal Sand) of the Midwest Region: Applications for Carbon Sequestration
(2008-10) Medina, Cristian R.; Barnes, David A.; Rupp, John A.
Porosity and permeability values collected from core analyses in the Upper Cambrian Mount Simon sandstone indicate a predictable relationship with depth owing to diagenetic changes in the pore structure. This predictive relationship is useful for evaluating the geological carbon sequestration capacity in the Midwestern region. Porosity logs from wells in the study area provide additional sources of petrophysical data. The regional trend of decreasing porosity with depth is described by the equation: φ(d) = 16.36 * e-0.00012*d (r2=0.41), where φ equals porosity and d is depth in feet. The correlation between burial depth and porosity can help predict the petrophysical character of the Mount Simon sandstone in more deeply buried and largely undrilled portions of the basin. Understanding the relationship among porosity, permeability, and depth also provides information for use in numerical models that simulate supercritical carbon dioxide flow within the Mount Simon sandstone. The decrease of porosity and permeability with depth generally holds true on a basinwide scale. However, localized stratigraphic and spatial variations in sedimentary facies also affect reservoir quality. In some areas, we observed a reversal in the porosity/depth relationship. Careful documentation of the mineralogical and sedimentological characteristics of the reservoir are critical to the successful prediction of the petrophysical attributes of deep saline aquifer systems and how they perform at a given locality.
Basin-Scale Hydrologic Impacts of CO2 Sequestration; Scaling Calculations using Sharp Interface Theory
(2008-10) Pawar, Rajesh; Celia, Mike; Banerjee, Amlan; Lichtner, Peter; Gable, Carl; Rupp, John; Person, Mark
Rational For Study: 1) The Mt. Simon Formation represents a viable saline water saturated reservoir for CO2 sequestration in the Illinois Basin and environments. It is thick (500 - >2500 ft.) and potentially has sufficient porosity and permeability to store large volumes of CO2. 2) However, freshwater withdraws from the Mt. Simon in urban areas (~ 280 Million MT/year) are on the same order of magnitude as CO2 production across the Illinois Basin (~ 80 Million MT/yr). Freshwater withdraws have had a significant hydrologic impact (600 ft drawdown in Chicago area) at the regional scale. Will CO2 injection have a regional scale impact on the hydrology of the system by displacing brine in the regions currently saturated by freshwater? 3) High number of wells required to inject 80 Million MT/yr CO2 may result in well-well interference patterns, high deviatoric pressures (especially in the deep, low-permeability portions of the basin), and displacement of brines into other aquifers. 4) We ask the question: Is there an optimal place to locate most of the injection wells across the basin?
Sedimentary Rocks of Indiana
(Indiana Geological & Water Survey, 2009) Keith, Brian D.; Thompson, Todd Alan
An estimate of carbon dioxide storage capacity in the Upper Cambrian basal sandstone of the Midwest region
(2009-05-04) Medina, Cristian R.; Rupp, John A.
Porosity values collected from core analyses and geophysical logs from the Upper Cambrian Mount Simon Sandstone in the western part of the Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (MRCSP) region indicate a predictable decrease in porosity with depth. Using this relationship and the methodology of the Carbon Sequestration Atlas of the United States and Canada, we have estimated the potential geologic storage capacity of CO2 in this deep saline aquifer. The storage capacity is a function of the area being assessed, the porosity and gross thickness of the stratigraphic unit, and the CO2 storage efficiency factor, which accounts for reservoir continuity, effective porosity, and the level of certainty of characterization. Our calculations include different scenarios for CO2 storage capacity, which is highly sensitive to changes in the subsurface properties. The porosity and thickness of the deep saline aquifer were used to calculate net porosity feet by using the regional trend of decreasing porosity (φ) with depth relationship (d, in feet) [φ (d) = 16.36 * e-0.00012*d; r2=0.41]. To evaluate the applicability of this relationship, we compared the theoretical values of net porosity with those obtained from geophysical logs. This approach generates solutions of the spatial distribution of net porosity feet that can be used to calculate storage volume potential at specific localities. The summation of these locality-specific calculations is in agreement with the value of 86 billion metric tons of CO2 estimated by the MRCSP for the total capacity of the Mount Simon Sandstone in the region.
Carbon Dioxide Storage Capacity in the Upper Cambrian Basal Sandstone of the Midwest Region: A County-Based Analysis
(2009-09-20) Medina, Cristian R.; Rupp, John A.
Porosity values collected from core analyses and geophysical logs from the Upper Cambrian Mount Simon Sandstone in the Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (MRCSP) region indicate a predictable decrease in porosity with depth that is best described by the relationship φ (d, in feet) = 16.36 * e-0.00012*d (r2=0.41). This relationship and the Mt. Simon’s thickness were used to calculate net porosity feet, which was incorporated into the methodology presented in the Carbon Sequestration Atlas of the United States and Canada for estimating the potential storage capacity of CO2 in deep saline aquifers. The variables that affect the volumetric calculations include: 1) the area that defines the region being assessed (county by county assessment in this study); 2) the mean porosity of the stratigraphic unit; 3) the gross thickness of the basal sandstone; and 4) the CO2 storage efficiency factor, which accounts for material properties, including reservoir continuity and effective porosity. We conducted a sensitivity analysis to create two scenarios for CO2 storage capacity, including efficiency factors of 0.01 and 0.04, respectively. To gain some insights into how applicable this methodology is, we compared the theoretical values of net porosity obtained from core analyses with those obtained from geophysical logs. This approach generated solutions for the spatial distribution of net porosity feet that facilitated the calculation of storage volume potential for each county within the region. The total storage capacity for the region, calculated using efficiency factors of 0.01 and 0.04, is estimated to be 37.8 and 151.2 billion metric tons of CO2 respectively. This is approximately 74 percent higher than the values of 21.7 and 86.9 billion metric tons of CO2 estimated by the MRCSP for the capacity of the Mount Simon Sandstone in the states of Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, and Ohio.
Complex Lithofacies Relationships between the Ste. Genevieve and Paoli Limestones: Clarifying Reservoir Relationships in the Indiana Subsurface
(2009-09-22) Zuppann, Charles W.; Parke, Mary A.; Droste, John B.
Typically irregular vertical and lateral distribution of lithofacies within the Ste. Genevieve and Paoli Limestones (Mississippian Blue River Group) has historically resulted in the inaccurate correlation of uppermost Ste. Genevieve lithologies (Joppa Member) with Paoli units of similar composition and appearance (Aux Vases and Renault Members). The Joppa Member of the Ste. Genevieve thins northeastward toward the Illinois Basin margin, losing the distinctive log signature that characterizes this unit in more basinward locations. The Aux Vases and Renault Members of the Paoli Limestone also become difficult to distinguish from each other and from the Joppa Member in basin margin locations because of rapid changes in composition and bed distribution. As a consequence, many Ste. Genevieve and Paoli Limestone pay zones have been assigned to the wrong reservoir pool, sometimes within the same field. Pay zones from Ste. Genevieve and Paoli Limestone reservoirs were reassigned according to current stratigraphic divisions. These new correlations more accurately reflect spatial relationships within and between hydrocarbon pools, and could contribute to more effective reservoir management. Improved correlations should also provide a useful tool for future hydrocarbon exploration and development activities in Indiana. Our investigation also suggests that revisions to formal Ste. Genevieve-Paoli stratigraphic nomenclature should be considered.

Browse

Browsing Posters - IGWS by Issue Date