Applied Health Science

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THE HEALTH CONCERN QUESTIONNAIRE (1987) and 1971
(1970) Engs, Ruth Clifford
The 50 item HEALTH CONCERN QUESTIONNAIRE was first created as a master’s thesis at the University of Oregon in 1970. The items were obtained from a literature review and those suggested by students in a personal health class. This instrument contains 50 items pertaining to health issues for which college students college students had concerns. Subjects were requests to indicate their degree of concern for each item using a 5 point Likert scale. In 1987 the questionnaire was revised. The revised questionnaire was included with the "Student Alcohol Questionnaire and the CODE" questionnaire for test-retest reliability and for testing hypotheses concerning health concerns, codependency, and alcohol related behaviors.
Are We Teaching Them What They Want to Know?
(Wiley-Blackwell, 1971) Schlaadt, Richard; Engs, Ruth Clifford
Are you "turning on" your class to health education? Are you capturing the interests of your students? Do you know your students' major health concerns? If health education classes are to be relevant and meaningful, the answers to these questions must be "yes." The first step in changing these answers to the affirmative is to find out what students want to know about health. This was accomplished in a recent survey conducted by Engs (1) of 285 Personal Health students at the University of Oregon. The problem was to determine the general health concerns of college students and how these are affected by sex, birth order, and religion. A health concern, as defined for this study, is that which causes an individual to feel anxious, worried, interested in or disturbed because of it's potentiality of affecting his, his family's, or his society's physical, mental, or social well-being.
So You Think You Want To "Turn On" Your Students to Health and Physical Education?
(Physical and Health Education Canada, 1971) Engs, Ruth Clifford
Setting Up a Free Clinic For Transient Youth
(Canadian Nurse, 1972) Engs, Ruth Clifford
The author, a Canadian nurse who was appalled by the state of health of "street youth" and young transients, organized a free summer clinic tailored to their needs. Drawing on her experience, she offers a guideline to help others who might be interested in establishing this kind of medical clinic.
Experience is the Best Teacher
(Taylor & Francis, 1974) Engs, Ruth Clifford
Having students volunteer at a not-for-profit health agency can give insight into the health issue, develop self esteem, and facilitate community service.
The Characteristics of Volunteers in Crisis Intervention Centers
(Public Health Reports, 1974-09) Engs, Ruth Clifford; Kirk, Robert
STUDENT ALCOHOL QUESTIONNAIRE (SAQ), 1975
(1975) Engs, Ruth Clifford
The Student Alcohol Questionnaire was created as part of the Indiana University’s mid-1970s alcohol education program Booze and You’s. The first version of the questionnaire was typed on 7 pages. It entitled: “SAQOriginal75.pdf” and contains 2 items concerning parental drinking which were omitted from other versions of the instrument and from the first national study of student drinking and knowledge of alcohol. The second version was “offset printed” in the late 1970s on 4 pages. It is entitled: “SAQClassic75.pdf.” This version has 8 spaces for “office use only” at the top in which region of the country, school code or other variables can be entered. It is recommended that this “CLASSIC VERSION” of the SAQ be duplicated for research on college student drinking patterns. Numerous publications using this questionnaire can be found in a literature search from the late 1970 onwards. It has been translated in to several languages including Chinese, Polish, Romanian and Spanish to name a few.
About Yourself
(Taylor & Francis, 1976) Engs, Ruth Clifford
A “mentally healthy” person is often characterized as having an accurate perception of reality, able to maintain close interpersonal relationships, able to communicate openly and honestly with others, and aware of personal goals, values, abilities, and behavior.’ Because of the variety of environmental stresses and our individual backgrounds, we all have different problems of living. The extent to which we learn to successfully cope with these stresses often determines how mentally healthy we are.
The School Health Program in the Soviet Union
(Taylor & Francis, 1976) Engs, Ruth Clifford
Following my own advice that "experience is the best teacher," and having a long-time curiosity about the educational system in the Soviet Union, I traveled to Moscow and leningrad visiting a variety of schools as part of an educational seminar. The seminar was sponsored by the Research Center for the Study of Socialist Education at Kent State University, which has been conducting visits to various Soviet educational institutions for the past 20 years or so. During the trip, the educational classes and sightseeing tours were arranged by Intourist, the official Soviet tourist agency. This agency organized visits to classes in nursery, elementary, and secondary schools and the University of Moscow. During the two weeks I was in the Soviet Union, I had conversations with many teachers and students. Some of these people were selected by Intourist and others I met by accident in a variety of places. The information about the educational system and the school health program in this article is based upon my observations, Intourist guides' comments, conversations with English speaking Russians, and several other sources.
Health Knowledge of Crisis Intervention Volunteers
(Taylor & Francis, 1976) Engs, Ruth Clifford; Kirk, Robert
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the health knowledge of crisis intervention.volunteers. These volunteers are often required to give health knowledge to their clients. The school health educator is often asked to help train these volunteers in health content areas; however, the health knowledge of the crisis intervention volunteers is not generally known. Health knowledge for the most part has only been assessed in students at various grade and age levels. In the state of Tennessee, 74 crisis intervention volunteers were given the Kilander-Leach health knowledge test. The results of the t tests indicated that females had significantly more health knowledge of the crisis intervention volunteers is not generally known. and mental health. There was no significant difference on health knowledge due to age. Length of service as a volunteer resulted in significantly higher total health knowledge scores. The results of the study also indicated that volunteers working in agencies sponsored by a church or school have significantly higher total health knowledge scores than volunteers at community-sponsored agencies.
Alcohol Awareness for College Students
(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976-09) DeCoster, David; Engs, Ruth Clifford; Larson, Ralph; McPherson, Philip
This article describes steps in developing and alcohol awareness program on the college campus.
BOOZE AND YOU’S: A CAMPUS ALCOHOL EDUCATION PROGRAM
(1976-10) Engs, Ruth Clifford
The development of the Indiana University’s mid-1970s BOOZE AND YOU’S alcohol education program with the message of responsible drinking for those who choose to drink is discussed in this paper. The program evolved out of a task force created by the Dean of Student’s Office. The group, chaired by Dr. Ruth Engs, developed a reliable survey instrument concerning drinking behavior and knowledge, the Student Alcohol Questionnaire (SAQ) to be available in the public domain for educational and academic research. The task force created a Training Manual for "Booze and You’s" Group Leaders for training the resident assistants to present the program; the manual is found at the end of this paper. It also developed and tested a film, "Booze and You’s" before implementation of the program. It is recommended that colleges and universities create a task force to examine drinking problems on campus, do a base line survey with an instrument such as the SAQ, and determine problems specific to their campus so they can be addressed as part of an overall campus alcohol education program.
Let's Look Before We Leap: The Cognitive and Behavioral Evaluation of a University Alcohol Education Program
(American Alcohol and Drug Information Foundation of Lansing, Michigan, 1977) Engs, Ruth Clifford
Drinking Patterns and Drinking Problems of College Students
(Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 1977) Engs, Ruth Clifford
Compared with the findings of previous studies, a recent survey of students at 13 U.S. colleges found that more women are drinking, fewer Black men are heavy drinkers, there are fewer differences in the drinking patterns of freshmen and seniors, and there has been no increase in the incidence of drinking-related problems.
ALCOHOL KNOWLEDGE AND DRINKING BEHAVIOR AT THIRTEEN COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES
(1977-03) Engs, Ruth Clifford
The knowledge of alcohol and drinking patterns and among thirteen of the 62 schools in the 50 + 12 Project, an alcohol education initiative of NIAAA, is discussed. A major purpose of this descriptive study was to develop a valid and reliable instrument to measure college students knowledge of alcohol, their drinking patterns, and problems related to their drinking. To this end the Student Alcohol Questionnaire was developed. Both the drinking patterns and knowledge sub-scales and the total instrument were found to be highly reliable (r=.79 ). The result of the survey revealed that males and whites had higher alcohol knowledge scores than females and blacks respectively. Significantly more seniors had scores above 26 compared to underclassmen. The results revealed that 79% of student drink at least once a year and approximately 20% were heavy or at risk drinkers consuming 6 or more drinks at any one sitting. Over half the sample reported they had experienced “hangovers” and “driven a car after drinking” during the past year. Whites and males were significantly more likely to consume alcohol and to be heavy at risk drinkers compared to blacks and females. There was no significant different due to class year.
DOES ALCOHOL EDUCATION WORK? THE EVALUATION OF A UNIVERSITY ALCOHOL EDUCATION PROGRAM
(1977-03) Engs, Ruth Clifford; DeCoster, David; Larson, Ralph V.; McPheron, Philip
The PURPOSE of this study was to develop and evaluate an alcohol awareness program at Indiana University during the 1975 academic year based upon the concept of responsible drinking. METHODS include the development of a training manual, a film Booze and You’s, 5 values clarification discussion exercises and the Student Alcohol Questionnaire (SAQ) for this campus program. An experimental and control group of students in one large residential units were invited to participate in the study. The SAQ was administered before the program. After an hour and forty-five minutes of film and discussion, both experimental and control groups were administered an alternative form of the alcohol knowledge scale from the questionnaire. After a three month period, students in both the experimental and control groups were again administered the SAQ. Due to transfers and attrition 50 students in the experimental group and 33 students in the control group completed all of the research conditions including the three month post-test. The RESULTS revealed a significant difference in terms of knowledge of alcohol in the experimental group both immediately and three months post-test time periods. It was CONCLUDED that a film, and values clarification exercises with trained peer leaders was an effective method of imparting knowledge of alcohol.
College Students' Knowledge of Alcohol and Drinking
(Taylor & Francis, 1978) Engs, Ruth Clifford
Alcohol abuse during the past few years has been seen by college administrators, student health and counseling personnel, and educators to be a major problem. To encourage colleges to examine knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of their students regarding the use of alcohol and to develop alcohol awareness programs on their campuses, the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) and its National Clearinghouse for Alcohol Information (NCALI) began a program in 7975 called the University 50 plus 72 Project. (1) During the initial phase of this program, staff and students from 62 selected universities were invited to a conference at Notre Dame in the fall of 7975 to discuss campus drinking problems and to share ideas about alcohol education programs. Among these participants there was a definite feeling that students adhered to a variety of drinking myths and had a minimal amount of factual information concerning the effects of alcohol on the body. They also felt that students lacked basic objective information for making responsible decisions concerning drinking to become responsible drinkers, if they chose to drink. This group felt that basic information concerning students' knowledge o f alcohol for comparison and as an aid in developing alcohol awareness and education programs should be determined. It was also felt that various demographic characteristics, which in the past have been related to drinking patterns such as sex, race, and parental drinking, should be obtained so that programs could be developed for particular subgroups if relationships were found between these variables and alcohol knowledge.
The Drinking Behavior of College Students and Cognitive Effects of a Voluntary Alcohol Education Program
(This article was originally published in the Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice, published by the National Association of Student Personnel Administrators., 1978) Engs, Ruth Clifford; DeCoster, David; Larson, Ralph; McPheron, Philip
The formation of the Indiana University Alcohol Education Task Force brought together university students, staff, and faculty to discuss possible campus "drinking problems" and to plan, implement and evaluate an alcohol awareness program for students.
A NATIONAL STUDY OF DRINKING PATTERNS AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
(1979-09) Engs, Ruth Clifford
Students from 13 colleges and universities in the United States of America from the federal government's "50 + 12" project were sampled as to their drinking patterns and problems in the 1975-76 academic year. The results showed few differences compared to studies done in the 1950s. As has been found previously, men, whites, Roman Catholic, and those to whom religion was not important were more likely to be drinkers and heavy (“binge drinkers”) compared to women, blacks, Jews, Protestants from non-drinking backgrounds, and those to whom religion was important. There was no difference between drinking patterns and class year. Few differences were found between this time period and earlier surveys.
THE DRUG-USE PATTERNS OF HELPING-PROFESSION STUDENTS IN BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA
(Elsevier, 1980) Engs, Ruth Clifford
A survey of 1691 first- and final-year students in the helping professions (medicine, law, nursing, pharmacy, police science, seminary, social work/psychology, and teaching) as to their use of drugs was carried out during February to April, 1980, in Brisbane, Australia. The results indicated that about 86% drank coffee or tea, 85% drank alcohol, 85% used non-prescription analgesics, 31% used tobacco, 25% antihistamines, 9% marijuana, 9% sedatives, 6% tranquilizers, 2% hallucinogens, 2% stimulants, 1% cocaine and 1% used opiates at least once a year. Of these students, females used analgesics and antihistamines significantly more frequently than males and consumed more caffeine, tobacco and analgesics than males, while males drank significantly more alcohol than females. Final-year students used more alcohol, coffee or tea and tobacco, and used marijuana, coffee and tea and tobacco significantly more frequently than first-year students. Individuals who did not consider relation important used more alcohol and tobacco and used marijuana, tobacco and hallucinogens more frequently compared to individuals who considered religion to be important. There was also a significant difference in drug usage between the different courses of study for most of the substances, with law students using the majority of substances the most frequently and seminarians the least frequently.

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