Criminal Justice

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Adolescent Identities and Sexual Behavior: An Examination of Anderson’s ‘Player’ Hypothesis
(2009) Giordano, Peggy; Longmore, Monica; Manning, Wendy; Northcutt, Miriam
Neural processing associated with cognitive and affective Theory of Mind in adolescents and adults
(Oxford University Press, 2011-04-04) Viding, Essi; McCrory, Eamon J. P.; De Brito, Stephane A.; Blakemore, Sarah-Jayne; Bird, Geoffrey; Fontaine, Nathalie M. G.; Sebastian, Catherine L.
Theory of Mind (ToM) is the ability to attribute thoughts, intentions and beliefs to others. This involves component processes, including cognitive perspective taking (cognitive ToM) and understanding emotions (affective ToM). This study assessed the distinction and overlap of neural processes involved in these respective components, and also investigated their development between adolescence and adulthood. While data suggest that ToM develops between adolescence and adulthood, these populations have not been compared on cognitive and affective ToM domains. Using fMRI with 15 adolescent (aged 11–16 years) and 15 adult (aged 24–40 years) males, we assessed neural responses during cartoon vignettes requiring cognitive ToM, affective ToM or physical causality comprehension (control). An additional aim was to explore relationships between fMRI data and self-reported empathy. Both cognitive and affective ToM conditions were associated with neural responses in the classic ToM network across both groups, although only affective ToM recruited medial/ventromedial PFC (mPFC/vmPFC). Adolescents add- itionally activated vmPFC more than did adults during affective ToM. The specificity of the mPFC/vmPFC response during affective ToM supports evidence from lesion studies suggesting that vmPFC may integrate affective information during ToM. Furthermore, the differential neural response in vmPFC between adult and adolescent groups indicates developmental changes in affective ToM processing.
Minnesota’s Affordable Homes Program: Evaluating the Effects of a Prison Work Program on Recidivism, Employment and Cost Avoidance
(2012) Northcutt Bohmert, Miriam; Duwe, Grant
Men’s Vulnerability to Prisoner-on-Prisoner Sexual Violence: A State Correctional System Case Study
(2012) Morash, Merry; Jeong, Seokjin; Northcutt Bohmert, Miriam; Bush, Daniel
Interracial Friendship and the Trajectory of ProMinority Attitudes: Assessing Intergroup Contact Theory
(2015) Northcutt Bohmert, Miriam; DeMaris, Alfred
An Outcome Evaluation of the Indianapolis Community Court
(Criminal Justice Policy Review, 2015-02-26) Ray, Bradley; Hipple, Natalie Kroovand; Grommon, Eric
Seeking to alleviate traditional criminal justice system processing for low-level non-violent crimes, community courts have emerged as a viable alternative. These courts use innovative community-based efforts to address the needs of defendants charged with quality of life crimes and attempt to improve the surrounding community. Using a retrospective quasi-experimental design, this research examines recidivism outcomes for a sample of 574 defendants who were referred to the Indianapolis Community Court. Repeated measures ANOVA models were used to assess one- and three-year follow-up intervals. Survival models were used to determine if significant differences between groups exist on the timing of recidivism events. The analysis revealed no statistically significant differences between those individuals who were processed through community court and those processed through traditional courts. The implications of these findings for future research and community court policy and practice are discussed.
Restorativeness, Procedural Justice, and Defiance as Long-term Predictors of Re-Offending of Participants in Family Group Conferences
(Criminal Justice and Behavior, 2015-08-18) McGarrell, Edmund F; Gruenewald, Jeff; Hipple, Natalie Kroovand
This study extends Hipple and colleagues’ (2014) variation analysis by examining how varying degrees of restorative justice, procedural justice, and defiance in family group conference (FGC) processes and outcomes affect long-term juvenile recidivism measures in one large Midwestern U.S. city. The current study uses two data sets from the Indianapolis Juvenile Restorative Justice Experiment that include conference observations, juvenile histories, and adult criminal histories to examine how variations in FGC elements shape juvenile recidivism outcomes in a long-term follow-up period. Findings reveal that the greater fidelity of FGCs to the theoretical foundations of restorativeness and procedural justice, the better outcomes in the long-term as measured by future offending. Specifically, offense type and conference restorativeness influenced the probability of recidivism in the long-term. Results are consistent with the theoretical predictions of Reintegrative Shaming and Procedural Justice theories, providing further support that FGCs are a viable youth justice program option.
The Role of Transportation Disadvantage for Women on Community Supervision
(2016) Northcutt Bohmert, Miriam
Access to transportation (i.e., walking, public transit, personal vehicles), or lack thereof, has not been extensively explored in criminal justice samples. Consequently, mixed-methods study of 366 women on probation and parole is the first to define transportation disadvantage, document its prevalence, and explore the problems related to it. Findings point to four themes, discovered in quantitative data analysis and buttressed by qualitative accounts, that illuminate the importance of transportation to justice-involved women. First, women have extensive transportation deficits at the individual level (e.g., they have poor physical health). Second, women rely heavily on social support. Third, women have deficits at the community level (e.g., they reside in inaccessible areas). Fourth, women have trouble identifying transportation-related problems directly, but through their narratives identify 10 distinct types. Further, transportation was a pressing concern for 42.6% of women that coincides with other needs such as health, safety, employment, neighborhood accessibility, and social support.
Transportation Strategies of Female Offenders
(2016) Northcutt Bohmert, Miriam
An exploration of female offenders’ memorable messages from probation and parole officers on the self-assessment of behavior from a control theory perspective
(2016) Cornacchione, Jennifer; Smith, Sandi; Morash, Merry; Northcutt Bohmert, Miriam; Cobbina, Jennifer; Kashy, Deborah
Gun crime incident reviews as a strategy for enhancing problem solving and information sharing
(Journal of Crime and Justice, 2016-03-09) Huebner, Beth M; O’Brien, Mallory; McGarrell, Edmund F; Hipple, Natalie Kroovand
Over the last several decades, police departments and other criminal justice agencies have seen a shift toward a proactive problem-solving response to crime problems. This problem solving orientation has often included an emphasis on expanded partnerships across criminal justice agencies as well as with a variety of community stakeholders, including researchers. This manuscript uses the issue of gun violence as a lens through which to examine the organizational and inter-organizational changes necessary to apply a data-driven, proactive, and strategic policing-led response to gun homicides and non-fatal shootings in four Midwestern sites. Each site adapted a unique data collection process and incident review. The data collection, incident reviews, and the varying models developed across the four cities, provide a reflection on corresponding organizational and inter-organizational changes that illuminate the movement toward this proactive, data-driven, problem solving model of criminal justice. Fulfilling the promise of the incident reviews, however, requires internal organizational and cross-agency inter-organizational collaboration to align people, systems, and resources with this proactive, problem-solving model. Additionally, effectively implementing these organizational and inter-organizational changes appears dependent on commitment and leadership, collaboration and partnerships, data quality and availability, and training and communication within and across organizational boundaries.
Policing and Homelessness: Using Partnerships to Address a Cross System Issue
(Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 2016-05-03) Hipple, Natalie Kroovand
Increasingly, law enforcement agencies have been forced to become more creative in their problem solving efforts, that is, do more with less. Arresting their way out of a problem is not always the best response on many levels given the cost to taxpayers as well as the possible strain put on community relationships. Given the other realization that some problems are not solely police problems, solving problems using multi-agency partnerships has gained traction and there is evidence to support these partnerships as viable options. This manuscript presents a pilot study of a problem-solving effort in Indianapolis, Indiana grounded in multi-agency partnerships. Led by the Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department, the goal was to reduce the burden of mentally ill and/or addicted homeless individuals on the criminal justice and emergency medical services systems. It serves to inform both academics and practitioners about an innovative strategy occurring in Indianapolis which may help relieve some of the economic burden on the criminal justice system and ultimately decrease the homeless population.
Evaluating Restorative Justice Circles of Support and Accountability (COSA): Can Social Support Overcome Structural Barriers?
(International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 2016-06-05) Hipple, Natalie Kroovand; Duwe, Grant; Northcutt Bohmert, Miriam
In a climate in which stigmatic shaming is increasing for sex offenders as they leave prison, restorative justice practices have emerged as a promising approach to sex offender reentry success and have been shown to reduce recidivism. Criminologists and restorative justice advocates believe that providing ex-offenders with social support they may not otherwise have is crucial to reducing recidivism. This case study describes the expressive and instrumental social support required and received, and its relationship to key outcomes, by sex offenders who participated in Circles of Support and Accountability (COSA), a restorative justice, reentry program in Minnesota. In-depth interviews with re-entering sex offenders and program volunteers revealed that seventy-five percent of offenders reported weak to moderate levels of social support leaving prison, 70% reported receiving instrumental support in COSA and 100% reported receiving expressive support. Findings inform work on social support, structural barriers, and restorative justice programming during sex offender reentry.
New Haven, Connecticut Smart Policing Initiative: Employing Evidence-Based Policing Strategies to Engage the Community and Reduce Crime
(Smart Policing Initiative, Bureau of Justice Assistance, 2016-08) Sedelmaier, Christopher M; Hipple, Natalie Kroovand
This is a summary report of the New Haven Smart Policing Initiative.
Can we prevent deaths of homeless persons? Police led public health approach to prevent homeless deaths
(The Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless, 2016-10-14) Ballew, Alfarena T; Hipple, Robert F Jr; Shaefer, Sarah J M; Hipple, Natalie Kroovand
Research on homeless populations demonstrates that homelessness in itself is an independent risk factor for death. However, there is a dearth of detailed data on homeless decedents and the situations surrounding their deaths. This lack of knowledge, a desire to understand how and why homeless individuals were dying, and a sentinel event death led the Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department Homelessness and Panhandling Unit to partner with a local researcher and begin conducting homeless death reviews. The approach is modeled after the evidence-based, public health approach of the Fetal and Infant Mortality Review process (FIMR). The FIMR model is a systematic approach to understanding system gaps and obtaining insights into the factors that resulted in homelessness and ultimately death. This article reports on the process to develop this unique multi-agency, police-led review of homeless deaths in Indianapolis, Indiana and resulting recommendations for action to decrease these deaths.
The Difference Between Living and Dying: Victim Characteristics and Motive Among Nonfatal Shootings and Gun Homicides
(Violence and Victims, 2017) Hipple, Natalie; Magee, Lauren
Using both official and unofficial data sources, researchers examined nonfatal (n = 617) and fatal shooting (n = 159) victim characteristics over an 18-month period in Indianapolis. This research revealed that the typical shooting victim was male, non-White, almost 29 years old, had been arrested prior to inclusion in this study, and had been shot more than once. Interestingly, this research supports the notion that nonfatal shooting and homicide victims are different, especially as they relate to victim age, gunshot wound severity, and shooting motive. It highlights the need for better gun violence data collection beyond what currently exists. Striving for improved, more comprehensive cross-sector data collection has implications beyond just police policy and practice to include public health and prevention efforts.
Women at the Nexus of Correctional and Social Policies: Implications for Recidivism Risk
(2017) Morash, Merry; Kashy, Deborah; Northcutt Bohmert, Miriam; Cobbina, Jennifer; Smith, Sandi
Evaluating Recidivism and Job Quality Outcomes for Participants in the Hoosier Initiative for Reentry Employment (HIRE) Program
(2017) Northcutt Bohmert, Miriam; Hood, Brittany; Meckes, Jessica
Female offenders and reentry
(Routledge Press, 2017) Northcutt Bohmert, Miriam
Lest We Forget: A Historical Analysis of Police Line of Duty Deaths in Indianapolis
(Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2017-07-07) Hipple, Natalie Kroovand; Gruenewald, Jeff; Gonsler, John; Sargent, D. Jackson
Previous studies on police line of duty deaths are limited by their heavy reliance on traditional data. While the FBI’s Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted (LEOKA) data have undoubtedly advanced what we know about violence against police, placing line of duty deaths in their social and historical context poses challenges. Further, only a select number of variables are available for event-level analyses from traditional data sources. In this study, we utilise data culled from several open-source materials to present a comprehensive analysis of police line of duty deaths in Indianapolis, Indiana from 1880 to 2014. Descriptive findings for several incident, victim, and offender-level variables are presented, while placing fatal attacks on police within their sociohistorical and situational contexts. Two themes emerging from open-source data are also used to make sense of our descriptive findings. The first theme captures shifting circumstances from public to private line of duty deaths, while the second theme suggests how advancing technologies have been used to benefit police work while also introducing new risks to officer safety.

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