Africa in LA: Two Recent Exhibitions at the Fowler Museum
Butabu: Adobe Architecture of West Africa, Photographs by James Morris. Fowler Museum. April 22, 2007-July 15, 2007.
Makishi: Mask Characters of Zambia. Fowler Museum. January 14, 2007-June 17, 2007.
Reviewed by Samuel J. RedmanBy
the 1950s, the use of the term “primitive art” was widely accepted and
examples of indigenous material culture were no longer simply confined
to natural history and anthropology museums.[1] In
the late 1950s, however, as the city of Los Angeles was beginning to
split up its heretofore amalgamated county art and natural history
museum into two distinct institutions, “primitive art” was left to the
natural history museum and the anthropologists and archaeologists
therein, while the new art museum took with it much of the classical
material from Egypt, Greece and Rome. Into the early 1960s, the world
of art museums widely shunned collections from indigenous cultures and
it is a misconception that the modernists of the 1920s and 1930s gave
instant recognition to indigenous artistic forms. Shortly after the
L.A. county museums split, other art museums around the country,
notably those in New York, began to prominently feature indigenous art
in their galleries. Los Angeles and its museums had been left behind.
Since the mid 1960s, art museums such as the L.A. County Museum of Art,
have been attempting to fill in what were later perceived as gaps in
their collections. Here, as elsewhere, “primitive art” objects such as
blankets from the Navajo and African masks were quickly purchased by
art museums across the United States.[2] This
visit served as my introduction to the museums of the city of Los
Angeles. I came to the city in an attempt to better understand the way
in which its museums defined themselves during the time period of
American museum history that I am currently examining, the span between
1945 and 1965. I was also seeking to better understand how Americans
understood “their” museums. It is now cliché to argue that museums make
more sense when placed in context, but typically, museums in the United
States are placed in the context of their Victorian and Gilded Age
origins, rather than in subsequent era, with their own wider events and
particular social and political milieus. Obviously, the Second World
War mattered to museums, as did the Cold War, the Civil Rights
movement, and the constantly shifting economic development of the
nation. This context, like the context of the American museum’s Gilded
Age origins, should be studied in order to better understand what the
museum is today. My guide to the history of the museums of Los Angeles
was a man who was supremely qualified to lead such a tour, Charles
Rozaire. Rozaire, now 79 years old, earned his doctorate in archaeology
at the University of California, Los Angeles, and has spent portions of
his lengthy and successful career at the Natural History Museum of Los
Angeles County and the Southwest Museum, also in Los Angeles. He is
currently a curator emeritus at the Natural History Museum of Los
Angeles County and is working on organizing his own personal archival
materials gathered over the course of his archaeological career. While
I came with an interest in examining the split between what is now the
Natural History Museum of L.A. County and the L.A. County Museum of
Art, the Fowler Museum, established on the campus of the University of
California Los Angeles in 1963, seemed an appropriate place for me to
begin. The goal of the museum, as stated on its website, “was to
consolidate the various collections of non-Western art and artifacts on
campus.” The museum proudly claims to stand as one of the top four
university museums of its kind in the United States.[3] Sidestepping disciplinary divisions between art history, archaeology, and ethnography, the Fowler Museum
chose instead to focus on “cultural history”. Today, many of its
exhibits are discussed in artistic terms, yet an affiliation with
anthropology is implied by the very nature of the museum’s shared space
with the Costen Institute of Archaeology. The Fowler Museum
recently featured two interesting exhibits, both focusing on Africa.
Each meanders between popular and scholarly notions of art and
anthropology.Butabu: Adobe Architecture of West Africa presented
works by British photographer James Morris. It attempts to work around
the problem of the unavailability of museum collections depicting
large-scale architecture by instead utilizing fifty illustrations of
distinct West African earthen adobe structures. In 1999 and 2000,
Morris spent several months traveling throughout West Africa attempting
to document these structures, which have been built for over 1,000
years and are annually repaired and strengthened by the surrounding
communities. The museum describes the artists work in a somewhat
anthropological or archaeological tone, arguing that Morris both
attempted to document a “typological record” yet it also states that he
provides the viewer with an “artist’s rendering” of the earthen
structures. Morris’ photos in this minimalist exhibit are
technically stunning. Morris is successful in presenting visitors with
a typology of West African adobe architecture, as the buildings that he
depicts range from a gigantic mosque to a simple single family home of
the Sahel region. The term batubu describes both the process of
building these structures by moistening the earth, mixed with cow dung
and decaying fish, as well as the human process by which communities
band together in order to complete and renew these structures. The
exhibit space features both a video and the fifty illustrations. While
the video’s focus is the community that builds the structure, Morris’
photographs themselves focus mainly on the structures themselves. Where
Morris’ is most successful is in his depiction of the smaller
structures that serve as familial houses. Here, unlike the majority of
the portraits of monumental architecture, the viewer is allowed to see
the gaze of the human subjects, surrounded by the unique forms of
architecture. In this regard, the photographs straddle the line between
artistic achievement and anthropological study. The exhibition could perhaps have been improved by borrowing from another exhibition in the same museum, Makishi: Mask Characters of Zambia.
This much smaller exhibition, presented in the museum’s space for
showcasing new collections and research, made greater use of multiple
media. The exhibit, as its title
implies, is mainly an attempt to showcase the museum’s new collection
of African masks; however it also utilizes a small television screen
and photographs to demonstrate how the masks are used within their
cultures of origin. The photographs in the exhibit also feature more
complete labels, giving the audience more specific contextual details.
I would argue that it would not have taken anything away from Morris’
large-scale photographs to have given the audience two or three smaller
television screens showing excerpts from the video shown at the
entrance of the exhibit. I would also have liked to have been provided
with more information about each structure that I was looking at in the
images. This is especially important if Morris’ truly aspires for his
work to be understood as a collection of anthropological documents. Overall,
both of these exhibitions were very well done and Morris’ achievement
will no doubt be analyzed by future generations of artists and visual
anthropologists, as well as by students of vernacular architecture in
Africa.Notes1.
Examples of both the display of indigenous material culture, and its
avoidance, during this decade abound. An example of the discussion of
its display can be found as early as 1950 in Erna Gunther (1950)
“Material Culture, the Museum and Primitive Art.” College Art Journal
9(3):290-294. The opening line of the article refers to “primitive art”
as a “newcomer” to art galleries. Gunther also argues that natural
history museums by this time were starting to recognize indigenous
objects as art rather than artifacts. The transition to the recognition
as indigenous material culture as art was neither immediate nor
unanimous however, and by 1958, for example, the Cleveland Museum of
Art still had its galleries divided up into five distinct areas,
Classical and Egyptian, Oriental, Decorative, Near Eastern, and
Paintings.2. Noteworthy exceptions of this
narrative exist. The Denver Art Museum is one example of an institution
that has long been committed to collecting and maintaining American
Indian material culture. In fact, Alfred Kroeber, the director of the
University of California’s Museum of Anthropology throughout the Great
Depression and Second World War would frequently mention to would-be
dealers of Native American materials that the Denver Art Museum was one
of the only institutions in the nation that continued buying
collections, even in the depth of the depression. See: University
Archives, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley,
Department of Anthropology, Cu-23, Box 185-186.3. See: “About the Fowler, History>” Found at: http://www.fowler.ucla.edu/incEngine/?content=cm&cm=history, Accessed, May 29, 2007.Samuel
J. Redman is a graduate student in the Department of History at the
University of California, Berkeley where he studies 19th and 20th
century American intellectual and cultural history. The history of
museums, especially of museums of anthropology, is his special
interest.
A note on images. This version of the review essay lacks the images found in the earlier version posted at
http://museumanthropology.net/2007/08/20/mar-2007-2-6/ and in the PDF version found now in volume 1, number 2 in OJS. This is
due to a currently unsolved problem in our implementation of OJS. We
hope to replace this file with one that includes the images as soon as
possible.